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双语版·中国书画作品欣赏之我见——中国画（今译）二
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二 文化背景
Two cultural background
1、 传统文化的融合
古代文人大多视绘画为余事，同书法一样用来充实自己的精神家园，情感得到宣泄，心灵得到净化。如米芾的画作，水墨点点，视为戏作，是作者随意、自然、不蹈故常的心态写照。也有的画家视绘画为生命，淡泊名利，为艺术而终生求索，同样受到人们的敬重。如清代的石涛，虽出家为僧，但在绘画创作上却倾注了大量的心血和汗水，他在绘画上的标新立异，招致了周围同道们的讥讽和嘲笑。但他不受时风的左右，提倡一画之法，主张画家要借写生抒发真情实感，不要斤斤计较于一点一画的得失，要从全局着眼。因此他的山水、人物画形态恣肆，不拘绳墨。其“墨海中立定精神”的主旨被后人广为传颂。通过上述分析，可给我们以如下三点启示：其一，恰如其分地抒情表意还要以深厚的笔墨功夫和广博的学养为根基。文入画的创作虽然要摆脱纸笔的限制，创造新的意境，一切服从于抒情主题，但有一点必须明确，即扎实的技法是表达情感的基础，熟练畅快地驾驭笔墨丹青，才能卓有成效。文人画家—般都书画兼善，如苏轼、米芾，皆执宋代书坛、画坛之牛耳，是后学效法的楷模。不断地加强自身的修养，澄澈内心也是文入画家的基本功。
1, the integration of traditional culture
Most of the ancient literati painting as a matter of fact, with the same as calligraphy to enrich their spiritual home, emotional catharsis, mind purification. Like Mi Fei's paintings, ink dots, as a joke for the author is free, natural, Too observant of conventional standards don't mind. Some artists as painting to life, indifferent to fame and wealth, and life-long search for the arts, equally respected by people. Such as Tao Shi in the Qing Dynasty, although the monk, but in the creation of painting has devoted a lot of effort and sweat, his painting on the start sth. new in order to be different, made friends ridiculed and laughed at. Free from the prevailing style but he left, promote a painting of the law, that artists to express real feelings through painting, do not Jinjinjijiao one point one gains and losses, we should focus on the overall situation. Therefore, his landscape painting patterns Zisi, shengmo. The theme of "Pen culture The spirit of standing" was later praised. Through the above analysis, we can give inspiration to the following three points: first, to a proper extent to the lyric sheet intended to deep Pen culture and extensive efforts of school support for the foundation. The picturesque, although the creation of pen and paper to get rid of restrictions, create new artistic conception, subject to all the lyrical theme, but it should be clear that the technique is a solid basis for the of emotion, skilled Chinese brush Mo Danqing cool to control can be very fruitful. Literati painters - all paintings general Jianshan, such as Su Shi, Mi Fei, all with Great song of the altar, the painting of artist learning model is the model. Continue to strengthen its cultivation of basic skills, Chengche heart is the text of the painter.
古代文人往往据于儒、依于道、欹于禅，对儒学、道家、禅宗理论浸淫颇深，进而极大地丰富了中国传统文人的文化思想，提高了文人的文化素质，对精神升华也起到了不可忽视的作用，这样他们的画作就体现了多重内涵，具有真正的艺术价值。其二，文人画家不管荣辱得失，始终痴迷于绘事。这固然和文人画特有的寄情功能有关。在—定程度上也反映了文人们对这门艺术的迷恋和热爱，毕生不辍。李苦禅先生在解放前生活困顿，还要经常面对日寇的威逼利诱，即便身陷囹圄仍念念不忘画艺。他笔下的雄鹰，气度超凡，目光炯炯，傲视苍穹，正是先生历万劫而不悔的生动写照。齐白石先生在中国画坛独树一帜，倡导新的画风，但却遭到别人的非议和围攻，但老人却以“不挨骂长不大”坦然应对，他笔下的群虾互相追逐嬉戏，逍遥自在。由画及人，我们可以得知画家内心对艺术的痴迷。其三，创作时要任心态自然流露。画家是绘画艺术王国的主宰，有了精深的笔墨功夫之后，可以暂时忘却一切，全神贯注地用艺术语言记录自己的所思所想。这样的创作过程不需要任何掩饰或是矫揉造作，不做任何名利之想，追求自然、纯真，这才是理想的创作过程：，如此才能创造美好的意境，作品才能成为寄情写志的上乘之作。研究心态与文入画的创作对我们的绘画创作具有重要意义。
The ancient literati often According to Confucianism、According to Taoism、According to the Buddhist, Confucianism, Taoism, Zen theory of Profound research, which has greatly enriched the China traditional literati culture, improve the cultural quality of the literati, also on the spirit of sublimation played a role can not be ignored, so that they reflect the paintings on the multiple connotations, with real artistic value. Second, the literati painters regardless of the pros and cons of honor, always obsessed with painting. This is of course and literati paintings unique Jiqing function. To a certain extent, also reflects the people's fascination with this art and love, Life Buchuo. Li Ku Chan in the predicament of life before liberation, but also often face the coercion, even shenxianlingyu Huayi still an obsession. He's an eagle, Bearing extraordinary, One's eyes flashed like lightning, Proud look The overarching sky, Mr. Li is eternal and not regret a vivid portrayal. Mr. Qi Baishi in the Chinese painting advocate new style, become an independent school, but others were objectionable, and the siege, but the elderly are "not scolded, not long" calm response, group of shrimp under his pen and chased each other, leisurely and carefree. By painting and people, we can learn that the artist's inner obsession with art. Third, the creation of any natural state of mind. The painter is a master of the art of painting the Kingdom, a sophisticated Pen and ink culture Kungfu, can forget everything, to be absorbed in his own artistic language records and thinking. This creative process does not need any disguise or Try to deceive by covering up one's real purpose, do not do anything to the fame and fortune, the pursuit of natural, pure, this is the ideal creative process, so as to create a better mood, work can become fine Jiqing write in for. The research mentality and the picturesque creation is of great significance to our painting creation.
2、 诗情画意与中国画的意境：
“无诗不能成画、无画不能为诗”（没有不能成为画的诗，也没有不能写成诗的画）。画家在画作上题以诗文，或记下创作背景，或只写一个言简意赅的画题，通过这样的题跋，—方面表达自己的思想，抒发自己的情感；另一方面，也使画的意境更加深邃，主题更加突出，布局构图更加完善，如果题跋又是精美的书法，那么观者在赏画的同时，还可得到书法的美感享受，这幅画作岂不是更加完美？诗情画意是中国画所追求的最高“境界”；并且诗、书、画、印堪称“四绝”。这是因为诗、画都是写人绘景；诗画并举，相映生辉，形成中国画一道亮丽的风景。由此可见，它们之间的关系应是有机结合的，不能把诗文视为多余。大画家黄宾虹曾说：“中国画有三不朽”，其中就有“诗书画合一不朽也”。
2，poetic Chinese painting the artistic conception of Chinese painting:
"There is no poem can not be a painting, no painting can not be a poem" (there is no poem can not be painted, there is no poem can not be written). In the paintings of the artist on the title to poetry, or a note of creative background, or just write a concise and comprehensive painting, through such inscriptions, and express their ideas, express their feelings; on the other hand, also make the painting more profound, more prominent theme, layout composition more perfect, if comments is the exquisite calligraphy, so the viewer in a picture at the same time, can enjoy the beauty of calligraphy, this painting is not a more perfect? Poetic Chinese painting is the highest pursuit of the "realm" China painting; and poetry, calligraphy, painting, seal Chinese called "four". This is because the poetry, painting is to write people painting king; poetry, Chinese painting simultaneously, Mutual confrontation glorify, the formation of a beautiful landscape of Chinese painting. Thus, the relationship between them should be an organic combination of poetry can not be considered redundant. Huang Binhong, a great painter, once said, "there are three immortals in Chinese painting"".
事实上，自古以来，将诗书画结合巧妙的人大有人在。比如：徐渭在《葡萄》上的题诗：“半生落魄已成翁，独立书斋啸晚风，笔底明珠无处卖，闲抛闲掷野藤中。”如果抛开这首诗，只是—串葡萄而已，还有何意义。
郑板桥一生爱竹、画竹他在《竹石》诗中写道：“咬定青山不放松，立根原在破岩中；千磨万击还坚劲，任尔东西南北风。”他以竹自喻、刚直不阿。可见，好的题画诗可以使画的意境更加深邃，主题更加突出有意义，甚至达到点石成金、化腐朽为神奇的作用。画友在一幅山水画中题跋道：“乱石堆中水一泓，草舍置于野林中，远离尘器听鸟语，管他春夏与秋冬。”在《农家之秋》中题曰：“谁说秋天气萧森，经霜红叶更精神，农夫收禾不在家，寻亲访故莫敲门。”在一幅《瀑布图》中题道：“清泉出山不停息，人生苦短自奋蹄。”在另一幅山水中题曰：“岸边房舍绿荫浓，船泊碧水一江中。静看云起云又落，闲坐船头作渔翁。”这是画家思想情感的自然流露，写景抒情朴实宛如“绿色食品”一样。
In fact, since ancient times, poetry, calligraphy, Chinese painting has a lot of clever people. For example: Xu Wei in "Grape" on the Half my life is Tishi: "not successful, has now become the old man Standing in, the study, at night and the wind chanting poetry, The grapes under the Chinese brush are nowhere to sell, Leisurely throwing wild vine." If you put aside the poem, just a bunch of grapes, what's the point?. Zheng Banqiao life love bamboo, the bamboo he wrote in "bamboo and stone" in the poem: "Insist not relax Castle Peak, The root of standing in the broken rock; Nature's millions of blows, he is strong, At the four corners of the world wind crazy." He is bamboo self, Upright and a outspoken. Therefore, a good poems inscribed on paintings can make the painting more profound, more prominent themes meaningful, even to able to perform wonders, turn bad into good effect. Friends in a painting landscape painting Inscriptions: "The rubble a fountain, The thatched house in the jungle, Listen to the birds away from dust Regardless of, his spring, summer autumn, and winter." The title said "autumn farmers": "Who says autumn weather Xiao Sen, After cold air Red autumnal leaves more spirit, cut the corn The farmer is not at home, Looking for relatives visit friends don't knock at the door." In a waterfall diagram in question: Clear spring out the mountains Won't Stop, Life is short, you have to struggle flows." In another landscape, said: The houses Green dense shore, The ship at the blue green water Jiang Zhong in stopped. Static view the clouds and cloud, Sit bow fisherman from." This is a painter 's spontaneous emotion and scenery Lyric like a simple "green food".
（例如：顾绍骅创作的中国山水诗意画——《送僧游山》
For example: Gu Shaohua's poetic Chinese painting -- "Send monks visit the mountains"
【原诗（词）】：云身自在山山去，何处灵山不是归。日暮寒林投古寺，雪花飞满水田衣。——唐朝·熊孺登 《送僧游山》诗意
【赏析】：诗意深富禅趣——禅心如云，自自在在的向着一山又一山飞去，又有何处的灵山不可归去呢？ 我去古寺“进香”，在风雪之中的傍晚穿越寒林；凛冽的寒风夹杂着雪花，狠狠地拍打在我的脸上、身体上，同时也钻进了我的领口、袖口，并且，那冰晶的雪花沾满了我的“水田”衣；这么的天寒地冻，我是“心诚则灵啊”！
规格：100×68cm 纸本设色 2006年创作）
[poetry]: The wandering body freely in the mountains to visit the mountains, And everywhere is their holy places, why can't return? The evening went to the temple to the cold forest, Snow filled the paddy field. - Tang - Xiong Rudeng "Send monks visit the mountains to"
[Appreciate]: The poems of deep of rich Buddhist Charm The Buddhist thoughts like clouds, From the freedom of a mountain and a mountain to fly, And everywhere is their holy places why can't return?? I went to the temple "pilgrimage", in the snow in the evening through the cold forest; cold wind mixed with snow, mercilessly slapping me in the face and body, but also got into my collar and cuffs, and the ice snow covered with my "paddy" clothes; so very cold. I am only when one believes "work in it sincerely"!
Specification: 100 * 68cm paper colors created in 2006)
笔者也在“自画像”中这样题道：“儒世家门坠一瓜，阎罗殿上险遭杀。翰林府第三敬履，蟾桂宫前四献花。”{笔者本人路遇车祸、险丧性命；康复后，又就读于中国书协书培中心之高级书法班时写的一首《感遇》诗。释义：书香世家生了一个男孩，阎王殿上险些被杀害。（在）翰林学府（书法培训中心）里，要象张良当年求学时①（注①：韩信当年求学时，其师试他的诚心与决心，过桥时有意将鞋子失落于桥下，张良当即将老师鞋子拾回，并双手敬奉给老师；如此三次，皆如此。其师为之所动，遂授兵书三卷，并予以指点，终使张良能成大业。这就是“遗桥三敬履”的历史故事），有诚心与决心刻苦学习；学成后一定以优异的成绩报效祖国。}。一幅画画得再好它所反映的物象、表现的空间是有限的，只有诗画并举，才能表现时空、寓意深刻。
The author is "self portraits" in this title: "A child born in Confucian family, Yanwangdian almost killed. The highest institution of Chinese Calligraphy Study carefully, After studying some excellent results to repay the state and society."{The author in the College Road, was hit by a car, Almost lost life; after rehabilitation, and attended Chinese Shuxie training centre on the high calligraphy class to write a song "Ganyu poem". Interpretation: the literary family gave birth to a boy, Yanwangdian almost killed. (in) Hallym University (calligraphy training center), like Zhang Liang in the year to study at (Note: Han Xin was in school, the teacher tries his sincerity and determination to put shoes lost in the bridge under the bridge, when the teacher Zhang Liang will pick up shoes, hands and worship for the teacher; so three times so, all. The division by the move, and grant three volumes, and to guide, so that Zhang Liang can end the big industry. This is the "On the bridge three times to help the teachers wear shoes allusions"), historical stories are sincere and determined to study hard; some after graduation with honors to serve the motherland. }. A picture of a good image, it reflects the space is limited, only poetry and painting simultaneously, to display the time, entertain a thought deeply.
白石老人一幅条幅，画的下方只画了三只小鸡。其余全是空白，只是在右上方题了长款，计白当黑，虚实结合，诗画互补，相映生辉，别有一番趣味。题画诗，还可以使画家爱、憎、悲、愁、褒、贬、扬、弃等多种情感更加强烈地倾注于画面。再如在画作《不倒翁》上题道：“乌纱白扇俨然官，不倒原来泥半团，将汝忽然来打破，通身何处有心肝。”这样的题跋使一幅简单的不倒翁画变得意境深远，意义不凡。如果不是这首诗，画中的不倒翁就显得毫无意义。
A Qi Baishi painting scroll, painted just below the painting of the three chicks. The rest is blank, just in the upper right of the long paragraph, reckon blank as inked, selective focus, Poetry painting each other, Complement each other, do not have some fun. Poems Inscribed on paintings, so that artists can also love, hate, sadness, sorrow, derogatory and commendatory, Yang, abandoned and other emotions more strongly into the picture. Another example is in the works of "Tumbler" on the title: "Black gauze cap, white fan is very much like the official, The reason for not falling is Half sludge Hereunder Will you, suddenly break, The upper and lower body where there is a heart?." This preface and postscript; make a simple painting changed Bu Daoweng mood in the far-reaching significance. If it weren't for the poem, the Tumbler in the painting would be meaningless.
白石老人《不倒翁》的题画诗对那种道貌岸然、久居高位，却无任何修养，只会欺压百姓的饭桶草包官给予了有力的鞭笞。画家爱什么，恨什么，旗帜非常鲜明，感受常强烈。如徐渭的题葡萄诗，郑板桥的题竹诗都倾注着画家强烈的思想感情。画家融情于画，更借诗直抒胸臆。看着画，读着诗，使观画者受到强烈的感染。画因诗而更具情感魅力；诗因画而更加意义不凡。诗画相得益彰，类似这样好的题画诗在当今画坛也并不鲜见。因而构成了中国画独有的艺术特色，达到一个高层次的美学水平，这是其它任何艺术所不能比拟的。有诗言：又如有山不宜平。”作画亦然。
Qi Baishi's "tumbler" poems inscribed on paintings, that pose as a person of high morals, without any training, only the oppressed people of Idiot Officer to give a powerful Lash. What artists love, hate what, the flag is very bright, often strong feelings. Such as Xu Wei's question Grape poetry,'s bamboo poems are devoted to the artist's strong feelings. The artist emotion in painting, by expressing thoughts or feelings deep in poem one's heart. Look at the picture, read the poem, so that the painter was a strong infection. The painting is more emotional because of poetry; poetry is more meaningful than painting. Poetry and Chinese painting complement each other complement each other, Poems Inscribed on like this good paintings in today's art world is also not uncommon. Thus constitute the unique artistic features of Chinese painting, to achieve a high level of aesthetics, which is any other art, can not be compared. There is a poem: And if mountain is not the flat." Painting is also.
中国园林讲究以“曲径通幽”式的廊回路转、流水小桥分割空间，制造出一种视觉上的隐蔽迷离之美。中国画亦常在笔墨境象的模糊中追求亦此亦彼、非此非彼，超以象外、得其环中的艺术效果。其魅力之所在，正是借助于形式与精神的诗意化气质，引发人们对有限物象的联想，使画中最难表达的意态与神采转化为弦外之音的回响，使欣赏者能够在瞬间获得一个整体的对绘画时空观的认知与把握。这种认知通常是一个关于审美对象模糊的整体图景的显现，并不拘泥于某一细节。
China landscape "The winding path leads to a secluded quiet place" type, water bridge division space, creating a visual blur the hidden beauty. China painting is often in The cultural environment of Writing brush and ink fuzzy pursuit in both this and that, this is not out of the ordinary, the ring, artistic effect. The charm of poetic temperament, it is with the help of form and spirit, lead people to think of the limited object, and will look to the most difficult to express into overtones response, so that the participants can in an instant access to a drawing on the overall understanding and grasp of space and time. This kind of cognition is usually a manifestation of the overall picture of the vague aesthetic object, and is not restricted to a particular detail.
而却更多地关注着诸如委婉、含蓄、一波三折的情境语言的运用；关注虚空、澄明、言外之意、象外之声的经营构思谋略；张彦远在《历代名画记》中所讲“意在笔先，画尽意在”，写意自古就是民族艺术观，也是中国绘画艺术的美学原则所谓“一枝一叶总关情”，我们所画的植物，它既无感情，也无思想，而画家们往往赋予它们某种含义，即画家立意的主观作用自然美的特征触动了画家的某种情感，从而“借景抒情，以物言志”画家们正是以自己独特的视角及感觉确定自已的“立意”，以表达自己的感情，“立意”不是纯主观的臆造，它是画家体验认识生活的结果它是一种美的理解和认识，它还包括了人的思想、感情、理想、修养在里面。通过“外师造化，中得心源”，也就是通过向客观事物要感觉之后形成和发现不同一般的认识,这才是----“意”也可以说“意”足一切艺术作品的灵魂：只有在感情和认识的基础上半场提炼、概括、升华而形成的“立意”，才是绘画作品所需的应该说“意”足情的升华情是“意”的基础。
And is more concerned about the use of situational language such as tactful and reserved, the void, striking one snag after another; focus on clarity, implication, as the voice of the business concept of strategy; Zhang Yanyuan in "The famous paintings through the ages" mentioned in the "work out the plot before putting pen to paper, Chinese painting finished Significance in" that is the ancient folk art freehand concept is China painting art aesthetic principles of the so-called "A branch, a leaf is always related to affectionate expression", we are painting plants, it has no feelings, no thoughts, and artists often give them a meaning, namely the characteristics of subjective conception of the natural beauty of the artist role touch a painter's emotion, thus "lyric by King, to express" artists are in their own unique perspective and feel it Set their own "conception", to express their feelings, "make up one's mind" is not a purely subjective conjecture, it is the artist experience life and it is a kind of beauty and understanding, it also includes people's thoughts, feelings, ideals, culture inside. Through the "The study of nature Get your own knowledge", that is, through to the objective things to feel, formed and found different understanding in general, this is the "meaning", also can say "meaning" all the soul of Art: only based on emotion and recognition in the first half, refining summary and sublimation and the formation of "make up one's mind", is the painting required should be said that the "meaning" foot the sublimation of love love is "meaning" basis.
《罗丹艺术论》中曾说过“艺术就是感情”，没有感情基础的艺术，也就是说连自己都不感动的东西史无法打动别人的我们欣赏画时，时为其内含的艺术魅力所吸引，画有十分意趣、主观思想相互交融；为画外之意，弦外之情所打动、所陶冶、所感染，这就是“意境”作用…：“意境”是艺术的灵魂，是客观事物精华部分的集中，加上人的思想感情的陶铸，经过高度艺术加工达到情景交融，借景抒情，从而表现出来的艺术境地是鲜活的、生动的。
"Luo Dan art theory" said "art is emotional," not based on feelings of the art, that is to say if you don't move things to impress others and we appreciate the history of painting, attracted by the artistic charm of its implicit, painting a very interest, subjective thinking of mutual exchanges; Beyond painting Significance String, outside friendship, moved by the mould, the infection, this is the "artistic conception"... "Artistic conception" is the soul of art, is part of the essence of things, coupled with people's thoughts and feelings of the Tao Zhu, after the height reached Is a fusion of art feelings with the natural setting, take advantage of a scene to express one's emotion, which showed the state of the art is fresh and vivid.
白居易认为学无常师，故其指一意状一物，往往运思中与神会”。他在《画竹歌》中写道：“不根而生从意生，不笋而成由笔成（不是根而生出与根相同的意义的生命，不是竹笋而制成的笔成为很好的笔…）……举头忽看不似画，低手静听疑有声。”似乎早已悟出了中国画“妙在似与不似之间”的真谛。中国画家与诗人“游心之所在”（ 游离、创新的思想之所在），就是自身对造化自然独特感悟的美境，创造的意象。这电决定了中国画自始至终的浪漫主义情结和诗性的内质。董其昌说得好：“诗以山川为境，山川亦以诗为境。（诗情是以山川为境界，山川也是以诗意为境界。”）”艺术家禀赋的诗心，映像着天地万物的诗心，山川大地是宇宙诗心的影现（艺术家充满诗意的情怀，表现着喜爱大自然万物的诗意，山川大地是宇宙诗心的影现）；画家诗人的心灵活跃，本身就是宇宙的创化，它的卷舒取舍，好似太虚片云、寒塘雁迹，空灵而自然。中国画家诗人“迹化自然，因心造境，曲尽蹈虚揖影之妙”(“一切痕迹的表现，都是来源于自然，因为艺术家的心境而造出画境来，这一切音乐、舞蹈都是空的、虚的，只是艺术家发挥自己想象而表现出的漂亮的画”宗白华语)，可以说是中国诗画的基本特征。也是崇尚“虚空”之美的写意型的中国画与以“实”为本(巴门尼德的Being)的西方古典绘画在创作观念上的最大区别。
Bai Juyi thinks that A learner has no need of a constant teacher So one idea Describe an object, thought with God". He wrote in "Bamboo song": "Not from the roots and from the meaning of life, Not grown from bamboo shoots, is formed by Writing brush (not the root and root and give birth to the same meaning of life, not the bamboo shoots and made a good pen pen...)...... Raise the head look like painting, Listen to sound of suspected the me Suddenly no." It seems to have realized the true meaning of Chinese painting "Be Subtle Artistically to be Both Real and Unreal" in Depicted. Chinese painter and poet "Wandering thoughts Where" (free, innovative ideas, where) is its own unique insight on the nature of natural beauty, to create the image. This power determines the romantic complex and poetic nature of Chinese painting from beginning to end. Dong Qichang said: "poetry in the mountains and rivers for the environment, the mountains and rivers are also poetry for the environment. (poetry in the mountains and mountains with poetic realm, but also for the realm. ")" Artist endowment heart of the poem, the image of all things of the heart, mountains and the earth is the universe is the impact of heart Poetry (artist full of poetic expression, poetic nature of things, like mountains and the earth is the universe is the impact of heart Poetry); the painter poet's mind active, is the founding of the universe, it the Roll up and unfold, Admission and renunciation, A cloud in the universe, like Cold pond, The wild goose footprint, ethereal and natural. Chinese painter and poet "traces of natural Thought, creating environment, Best song and dance, seize the wonderful virtual shadow" ("all traces of the performance are derived from nature, because the mood of the artists to create painting, music and dance are all empty, empty, only artists play their own imagination show the beautiful picture in Chinese), white can be said to be the basic characteristics of China poem. It is also the biggest difference between the freehand brushwork of Chinese painting and the western painting of "reality" (Ba Mened's Being).
在美术史上，自古以来就有两种完全不同的表现方式：一种是以再现客观世界为主的写实型艺术，它以西方古典油画为代表；一种是以表现主观心绪与情感为主的浪漫、表现型艺术。中国画就是以后者为其基本特征的。浪漫、表现性绘画，早在战国时代的楚墓帛画《人物夔凤图》
及西汉马王堆幡画中就已初露端倪。
自唐朝文人画初创以来，中国绘画则更加注重托物抒情、以画寄乐的表达方式的运用。而“绘画以形似，见与儿童邻（绘画如果以画得“形似”而判定好与坏，他的见识与儿童一样）”也正是苏轼对先贤们艺术实践的理论总结。它之所以能够存在，并且，具有旺盛的生命力，一直被文人们捧为绘画的至理，原因是离不开在中国哲学虚空的宇宙观(老子“万物生于有，有生于无”)影响下艺术家对诗化的精神内质与诗意的形式外观的永恒追求。的确，中国绘画的这种观念也正是把握了中国艺术的精神实质，把握了中国艺术诗性的品质特点，才经受住了时间风雨的考验，并一直影响至今。宋代哲学家程伊川说过：“冲漠无朕（天地未判时的宇宙原始状态），而万象昭然已具。”昭然万象以冲漠无朕（天地未判时的宇宙原始状态）为基础，使实中有虚、虚中生实，空外余波，袅袅不绝，“无画处皆成妙境”(笪重光语)，这便是中国画在对意境美的追求中最不可言传的精神所在。
In art history, since ancient times are two completely different performance: a realistic reproduction of the objective world of art mainly, it to Western classical paintings as representatives; performance is a subjective mood and emotion as romantic, expressive art. Chinese painting is the basic feature of the later. Romantic, expressive painting, as early as the Kingdoms Period (475-221 B.C.) Chu tomb paintings (People Kui picture) and the Western Han Dynasty Mawangdui banner drawing has been show the initial symptoms Warring. Since the beginning of the Tang dynasty literati painting, Chinese painting is more emphasis on Use images emotion Express, the use of painting to express the expression of music. "Painting to the shape, see neighbors and children (if the painting painted" shape "and whether good or bad, his insight, and like other children)" Su Shi is also summed up the sages who practice the art of. It can exist, and has strong vitality, the text has been praised for painting. The reason is, cannot do without in the void China philosophy of the universe (Lao Tzu "was born in all things, from nothing") under the influence of the eternal pursuit of poetic spirit and artist of poetic form appearance. Indeed, the concept of Chinese painting is to grasp the spirit of Chinese art, grasp the quality of Chinese art poetry characteristics, only to withstand the test of time and wind, and has been affected so far. The Song Dynasty philosopher Cheng Yichuan said: "Primitive universe (world is not sentenced the original state, and has been Zhaoran Vientiane)." Zhaoran Vientiane Primitive universe (world is not sentenced the original state) based the virtual and virtual reality in the air, Yu Bo, "No painting all Niaoniao. Into Wonderland (Da Zhongguang), which is the most Chinese painting in the pursuit of artistic beauty can only be sensed. Spirit.
3、 传说、典故、神话
3, legends, allusions, myths
① 考画院的传说
中国画十分讲究“藏”与“露”的关系，特别讲究如何“藏”的韵味。宋代的皇帝赵佶（徽宗）虽不善治国以至“靖康之耻”，他却能书善画，诗词功夫也非同一般；他自创“瘦金体”的书法和形象细腻的画鸟画流传至今，堪称一代大师。据说宋代的考宫廷画师时出了这样的几道题：“踏花归去马蹄香”、“深山藏古寺”、“万绿丛中一点红”。
平庸的画师们将“踏花归去马蹄香”的画面表现为：一匹飞驰的骏马，跑过花园……；将“深山藏古寺” 的画面表现为：残锈班驳的佛堂被高耸云天、粗壮的古榕树所“半遮半现” ……将“万绿丛中一点红” 的画面表现为：一片绿茵茵的杂树林里，一枝紫红色的美人蕉在一枝独绣地绽放……。
应考画师夏珪将“踏花归去马蹄香”画为：初雨天晴，林间小道上，由远及近、稀稀地零落一行马蹄印；在最近的马蹄印上有三只蜜蜂，两只在蹄印上盘旋准备采蜜，而另一只沿着“香路”一直向前飞去……；在“深山藏古寺”中，他将画面画成：在飞岩绝壁、蜿蜒的石矶小道上两名步履蹒跚的老和尚，正吃力地抬着一桶水向山上走去，一旁是云雾缭绕的林海……；而在“万绿丛中一点红”的画面是：在一望无垠的绿色丛林与稻田间，一位紫衣少女双手分别拎着给亲人送午餐的饭篮与陶瓦罐；那迎面拂面而来的山风，吹动着紫衣显现少女婀娜的身影，吹开少女的乌发露出美丽的脸庞——蛾眉凤眼、粉腮朱唇，透出春的气息……。夏珪终因很好地处理了“藏”与“露”的关系而考上了画师。即：“踏花归去马蹄香”、“深山藏古寺”分别隐藏了 “马”与“古寺”；第一：用“马蹄印”来表现马，用蜜蜂来反映画面的主题——香；第二：用了“两名步履蹒跚的老和尚”来表现这个藏着的“古寺”，达到了“含而不露、回味无穷”之目的。而在“万绿丛中一点红”中通过“绿色丛林”与“紫衣少女”刻画，露出了大自然和人间两种“春意”。
① The academy examination legend
Chinese painting is very particular about the "hidden" and "dew" of the relationship, especially pay attention to how the "Tibetan" charm. The Song Dynasty emperor Zhao Ji (Huizong) although the country and the poor "Jingkang the shame", he was able to book good painting, poetry is extraordinary effort; he created "style of Chinese calligraphy originated by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty (Zhao Ji), characterized by slim yet sturdy strokes" the image of delicate calligraphy and painting bird painting spread so far, may be called a generation of master. It is said that the Song Dynasty court painter made a few test questions like: "Flower guiqu horseshoe riding", "the Old Temple The mountains hide" and "a single red flower in the midst of thick foliage".
Mediocre portrait masters will "Flower guiqu horseshoe riding" for the screen performance: a speeding horse, running across the garden...... "The Old Temple; The mountains hide" for the screen performance: Residual rust Banbo Towering into the sky, the temple was thick ancient banyan tree "Half cover Half now"...... "A single red flower in the midst of thick foliage" for the screen performance: a mixed forest green, a purple red canna bloom in a single embroidery.......
An artist Xia GUI will Flower guiqu horseshoe riding "for the painting: the early rain, forest trails, from far and near, thin to scattered line marks; there are three bees in the recent marks, two in the hoof circling for Caimi, and another along the" fragrant Lu always fly forward...... In "the Old Temple; The mountains hide", he painted pictures: the old monk in two teeter flying rocks cliffs, winding the rocky path, trying to carry a bucket of water to go to the mountain, one side is the misty forest...... In "a single; red flower in the midst of thick foliage" the picture is: in the green forest and paddy boundless between a purple dress young girl hands were carrying to relatives to send lunch lunch baskets and pottery jar; the face feels to mountain breeze, blowing purple show girl graceful figure the girl's hair, blowing open a beautiful face, Crescent crassipes, Pink gills, with the breath of spring....... Xia GUI the end result well with the "Tibet" and "open" and admitted the artist. Namely: "Flower guiqu horseshoe riding", "the Old Temple The mountains hide" hidden "horse" and "Temple"; first use "Hoof print" to show horses, bees to reflect the subject of the picture - incense; second: the "two Teeter of the old monk" to the performance of this hidden "Temple", to "contain but not exposed, to lead a person to endless aftertastes". In the "a single red flower in the midst of thick foliage" in the "green forest" and "purple girl" depiction of human nature and exposed the two spring".
② 人们喜爱的“吉祥画”
如：《三羊开泰》、《福寿图》、《前程万里》、《吉利全家》、《上山虎》等。
⑴《三羊开泰》：癸未年已至，又是一个羊年。羊通“祥”，又与“阳”谐音，故羊儿历来被人们视为吉祥的象征。三只羊在—起寓意“三阳开泰”，取冬去春来，阴消阳长之意。故每逢羊年，画家中以此为题材作画者甚多。 （寓意：喜则升阳古人说，喜则阳气生。只生欢喜不生愁的人，在古代就被称为神仙。喜是人生的一种大境界，能够保持一颗欢喜心，对身体的滋养是比吃什么灵丹妙药都管用的。）
⑵《福寿图》：画面上都是吉祥的象征——长寿的绶带鸟（绶：与寿谐音，即：长寿的意思。）、寿桃、仙果（佛手）等。
⑶《前程万里》：古钱、拂尘、万年青、李子（一种水果），摆在“乳臭未干”的孩子身边；以示“前程万里”。（钱：“前” 的谐音字、尘“程” 的谐音字、李“里” 的谐音字。）
② The lucky painting"
Such as: "Three Rams Bliss", "Blessing Longevity", "His future will be great", "Geely family", "Geely tiger" and so on, "Bring".
⑴ The "Three Rams Bring Bliss": ram has to, but also a year of the goat. Sheep - "Xiang", and "Yang" homophonic, Yanger has always been regarded as a symbol of good luck. Three sheep in the meaning of "Three Rams Bliss", take the winter to spring, Yin deficiency Yang growth meaning and. Therefore, during the year of the sheep, the painter takes this as the theme of painting a lot. (meaning: joyful, Sun Microsystems, this is the ancients said, joyful Yang of health. Only those who are born without joy or sorrow are called gods in ancient times. Joyful is a kind of realm of life, to keep a happy heart, is effective than what to eat for the body to nourish a ready-made panacea.)
⑵ The "Blessing Longevity": the screen is emblem, of good fortune Paradise Flycatcher (Shou: longevity and Sau euphony, namely: the meaning of longevity.) , Peach-Shaped Mantou, Ambrosia (fingered citron), etc..
⑶ The "His future career will be great": old coins, whisk, evergreen, plum (a fruit), placed in the "young and ignorant" children who show a promising future "". (money: "before" homophonic words, "Cheng dust" homophonic words, "Li" homophonic words.)
⑷中国山水诗意画——《吉利全家》
【原诗】小鸡竦而待，贵似荔枝来。利爪削黄金，云林谢家宅。 规格：68×136 ㎝ 纸本设色 2012年10月创作
【欣赏】小鸡在父母的呵护下，茁壮成长；这一天，小鸡们“毕恭毕敬”地等待着父母喂食。不一会，父母把小鸡们带到荔枝树下，那些珍贵的荔枝好像知道它们要来，稀疏的散落在地上；父母用大而有力的利爪削开那些黄金般珍贵的荔枝，给小鸡们品尝……；在云林深处，“旧时王谢”家宅里，小鸡一家无忧无虑地生活着。
⑸《上山虎》：上山虎寓意做任何都是“上升、吉利、威猛”等；故，做官、做生意（特别是做股票）的都要“讨个吉利”，因此，“上山虎”（如：本文介绍的《雪谷传啸声》）就是中国百姓所喜爱的。
⑷ The Chinese poetic landscape painting - "auspicious family"
The chick to wait her, Waiting for parents to feed under the lychee tree the (neck). The chicken claws open gold litchi the chickens, The clouds, trees are with ordinary but happy Feed home covered cut parents. Specification: 68 * 136 cm of paper colors created in October 2012
[appreciation] chicken in the care of their parents, to thrive; this day, the chicks "waiting for parents to feed reverent and respectful.". After a while, the chicks with parents to lychee trees, those precious lychee seems to know they are coming, sparsely scattered on the ground; the parents with large and powerful claws cut those golden lychee, to taste the chicks...... ; in the depths of Yunlin, "old Wang Xie" home chicken, a light of heart from care to live.
⑸ The "Geely tiger": the meaning of any tiger is "rising, Geely, the mighty"; therefore, an official, to do business (especially the stock) are "luck", therefore, "Tiger Mountain" (such as: the "Snow Valley Tiger roar") is in people in love.
③ 典故
⑴刘奎龄的《忠孝节义》
以典故入画的代表性——《忠孝节义》中，刘奎龄仍旧采取自己最熟悉的动物题材来表现中华民族的四种传统美德-犬在我们的传统中—一向是“忠”的代表；而羊与“孝”也有着紧密的联系，《增广贤文》中有“羊有跪乳之恩，鸦有反哺之义”的句子，羊是吉祥的动物，吃奶时又都是跪着，因此被古人视为感恩、孝顺的象征；牛吃苦耐劳，在古人心目中地位很高，至今很多地方仍流传着各种“义牛传”的故事，因而用牛来作“义”的代名词也很贴切；至于刘奎龄用马来表现“节”则源于鸦片战争中的一个故事。1841年1月，英军攻占了虎门海口的沙角炮台，守将陈连升牺牲，他的战马被英军掳至香港。这匹马性情刚烈，英人喂之不食，骑之则摔，近之则踢，惟独华人手捧食料喂它，它才肯吃，只要一提到陈连升的名字它就流泪不止。有人说要把它送回虎门，它便摇尾相随，但它最终还是未能回去。后来它日夜在高岗上不吃不眠，望北而嘶，最终饿死在香港，被誉为“节马”。当时很多人都作了“节马诗”、“节马图”来纪念它。（刘奎龄(1885—1967)，现代画家。字耀辰，天津人。曾任中国美术家协会天津分会副主席。他善画动物、花鸟，尤以狮虎见长，此外也能作山水人物。《忠孝节义》四屏条的名字很容易让人认为是人物画。）
③ literary quotation
⑴ "Liu Kuiling's" Loyalty, filial piety, chastity and righteousness "
On behalf of: "Loyalty, filial piety chastity and righteousness story painting," Liu Kuiling, still take their most familiar animal theme to represent four traditional virtues of the Chinese nation - dogs in our tradition, has always been "loyalty"; sheep and "filial piety" is closely "To the general, public Behave oneself Canonical essay" in the "Sheep have the grace to kneel, crow has feedback of righteousness" in the sentence, the sheep is an auspicious animal, when infants are kneeling, it was viewed as a symbol of gratitude and filial piety; Endure hardships and be capable of cattle hard work, very high status in the eyes of the ancients, has many places are still spread all kinds of "cattle justice" story, synonymous and cattle to "justice" is also appropriate for Liu Kuiling; The "performance" of the Malay age is derived from a story in the Opium war. In January 1841, the British captured Humen Haikou Shajiao fortress, Chen Liansheng will keep his sacrifice, the horse was taken to the British Hongkong. This horse temperament staunch, British people do not eat feed, Mount a horse and fall off, Approaching horse Kicking, but with Chinese food to feed it, it will eat, as long as the mention of Chen Liansheng's name it tears. Some people say that to send it back to Humen, it will shake tail, but it still can not go back. Later in the evening it did not take on Mian Gao Gang, Wang North Sima, eventually starve to death in Hongkong, known as "Ma day". At that time many people have made a "Poetry Festival Ma," "day map" to commemorate it. Liu Kuiling (1885 - 1967), modern painter. Word Yao Chen, Tianjin people. Former vice chairman of Tianjin branch of Chinese artists association. He is good at painting animal, flowers and birds, especially Shihu Kyo, in addition to landscape character. "Loyalty, filial piety, chastity and righteousness four" the name of a set of hanging scrolls people think it is very easy to figure painting).
⑵《八骏图》与陈英泉
以画明志的代表性——《八骏图》。1945年暮春，“甲午同庚会”中的著名画家郑午昌、汪亚尘、吴湖帆、杨清磬，戏剧家梅兰芳、周信芳、洪警铃，文学家范烟桥等八人按“周穆王有八骏”的故事，约请当时海上画坛八位画马高手合作《八骏图》，由“甲午同庚会”八位同仁在图上签署，以表心迹。参与创作此图的画家为：熊松泉、赵敬予、戈湘岚、殷梓湘、谢之光、谢碧月、陈英泉、徐韶九。他们各绘一骏，以象征“甲午同庚会”中八位志士。此图由书法家马公愚题签。题跋者尚有书画家王福庵、张大干、冯超然、沈尹默、张谷年、潘勤孟及吴稚晖、李石曾等一大批名流。此图是—幅“图存八骏，志励千秋”的艺术珍品。
这件《八骏图》，曾在1985年《西泠艺报》创刊号上刊载过，这件事遂在当代艺苑引为美谈。然而，郑午昌等八位名士俱已作占，画马高手熊松泉、赵敬予、戈湘岚、殷梓湘、谢之光五位也已相继去世，其中的谢碧月、徐韶九两位现在的情况不明，倘若健在的话，当也均是耄耋老人了。所幸其中的陈英泉先生至今仍活跃在姑苏艺苑。
⑵ The "Eight fine horses" and Chen Yingquan
On behalf of Eight fine horses -- "Ming" painting. In the late spring of 1945, "the 1894 g" of the famous painter Zheng Wuchang, Wang Yachen, Wu Hufan, Yang Qingqing, Mei Lanfang, Zhou Xinfang, Hong dramatists bell, literary van Bridge eight people to smoke "Mu Wang Bajun" story, then invite eight horses in the high sea painting "Eight fine horses" in military cooperation, signed by "the 1894 g" eight colleagues on the map, in their minds. Participate in the creation of this figure painter: Xiong Songquan, Zhao Jingyu, Ge Xianglan, Yin Zixiang, Xie Zhiguang, Xie Biyue, Xu Shaojiu, Chen Yingquan. They painted a horse, with a symbol of "the 1894 g" in the eight person. This picture is composed of calligrapher Ma Gongyu name. Were the painter Wang Fuan, and Zhang Dagan, Feng Chaoran, Shen Yinmo, Zhang Gunian, Pan Qinmeng and Wu Zhihui, Li Shi had a large number of celebrities. This figure is a "Picture eight horse, Ambition inspired Millennium" art treasures.
This "Eight fine horses", was published in 1985 on the first issue "Xiling arts newspaper", it was cited as well in contemporary art. However, Zheng Wuchang and other eight celebrities have made for Xiong Songquan, Zhao Jingyu, Ma painting master, Ge Xianglan, Yin Zixiang, Xie Zhiguang five have died, including Xie Biyue and Xu Shaojiu two are unknown, if alive, when are old. Fortunately, one of Mr. Chen Yingquan is still active in Suzhou yiyuan.
待续
To be continued
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