三、    笔墨特点         
Third, the characteristics of ink
 我国素有“书画同源”之说；不管书与画，所用的工具是相同的。行笔、运笔等技巧相同，中国书法是“以线造字”，而中国画历来是“以线造型”（以线条为主要造型手段）。尽管中国画的革新以色彩为突破口，并出现了大量的以色彩为主的现代作品，但是线条仍然起着重要的作用，传统绘画线条高超的表现技巧以及优秀的文化内涵，已经被继承下来并有所创新。因此，研究中国画线条的历史发展轨迹，使我们对中国画线条的继承与创新有一个更清醒的认识是十分重要的。中国画线条的突出特点是富有表现性，它是至今多数国家绘画艺术中的线条所难以企及的。
China is known as "painting identity," said; regardless of books and paintings, using the tools are the same。 T Bank, Yunbi skills such as the same, Chinese calligraphy is "line-defined" and Chinese painting has always been a "line modeling" (lines as the main means of modeling)。 Despite the innovation of Chinese painting in color as a breakthrough point, and a lot of color mainly to the modern works, but the line still plays an important role in traditional painting lines superb performance skills and excellent cultural connotations, has been inherited and By innovation。 Therefore, the study of Chinese painting lines of historical development trajectory, so that we Chinese painting lines on the inheritance and innovation of a more sober understanding is very important。 Chinese painting lines is a prominent characteristic of the rich performance, it is so far the majority of countries in the art of painting the lines and by the level of difficulty。
善于“牵着线条去散步”的德国现代主义大师克利说：“笔迹最关键的是表现而不是工整。请考虑—下中国人的做法。”中国画线条表现性技法的成熟虽然远远早于西方，但它不是一步到位的，而是经历了漫长的发展。不动的线到飞动的线。人类在原始社会所创造的线条，主要是直线、横线和圆线。由于使用这些线，人们就可以在画面上画出对象的结构，传达出所要传递的信息。此后随着文明的发展，人们又感到直线、横线和圆线比较呆板、僵硬和缺少动感和生命力，于是创造了一些波状的、粗细不匀的、富有张力的线条。我们从周代青铜器《饕餮簋》、汉代画像石《骑术》中可以看出，中国画线条从公元前十世纪开始就有了巨大的发展：从平实的线逐渐变为富有生命力的飞动的线条。这种变化是怎样表现出来的呢?
Be good at "holding line to walk," the German modernist master Klee said: "The handwriting is the most crucial performance rather than Gongzheng。 Please consider - the practice of the Chinese people。" Performance lines of Chinese painting techniques while the maturity far earlier than the West However, it is not a one-step, but through a long development。 Fixed-line to move the line。 In primitive society created by human lines, is a straight line, horizontal line and the Circle Line。 As the use of these lines, people can object on the screen to draw the structure, to convey the message。 With the development of civilization since then, people also feel a straight line, horizontal line and the Circle Line relatively inflexible, rigid and lack of dynamism and vitality, thus creating a number of wavy, uneven thickness, full of tension lines。 We from the Zhou Dynasty bronze "Tantalizing GUI", the Han Dynasty stone portraits of "Riding" can be seen in Chinese painting lines from the 10th century BC, there will be a huge development: from the line-is full of vitality into the gradually-moving Lines。 This change is reflected in how it ?
这要从线条的位置、运动方向、张力等方面来研究。首先，这两件作品中出现了波状线(亦称蛇形线)。这种线条的位置与方向不像直线那样固定，它好象是在摆动而且活动的方向不确定，这样在视觉上就给人以动感。其次，这两件作品中的线条不像以往直线那样平直均匀，而是有粗有细，由此可知，作者在运笔时所用的力度和速度是不均匀的。这种力度与速度的不同，就表现出线条在空间与时间上的运动，因而给人以动感；再次，我们从饕餮头部的向相反方向夸张性运动的线条中，从马的四条腿最大限度地向不同方向伸展的姿态中可以看出，作者企图通过线条的巨大张力来表现饕餮、马的奋进，使青铜器、石头上的动物给人视觉上强烈的运动感。正是通过这种运动感，才使作品表现出极强的生命活力。从轮廓线到表现结构、空间、亮度的条。有些人常用“单线平涂”来概括中国画的特点，这是不确切的。单线平涂是人类早期绘画的共同特点。自汉末后，中国画的特点就难以用单线平涂来说明了。轮廓线尉旨所画物象的周边线。它面对的是所画物象与它所处空间的关系，因此它只是把某一物象从大的背景中分离出来，而无法显现这一物象的内部结构和光分布。自从中国画家创造了独特的皴法、描法以及擦染之后，对物象内部结构与光分布的处理，就不是借助透视法、明暗法，而是以本民族独特的表现形式描绘出来。从五代时董源的《潇湘图》中，我们可以看到中国画线条的发展变化：
五代时董源的《潇湘图》（934～960)

 (934 to 960) during the painter yuan-dong "Xiaoxiang" Chinese Painting
This line from the location, direction of movement, tension, and other areas to study。 First of all, these two works in a wavy line (also known as snake-like line)。 The location of such lines and not a straight line as fixed direction, it seems to be swinging in the direction of uncertainty and activities, so that people with visual on the dynamic。 Secondly, the two entries in the past, not straight lines as straight uniform, but there are a small rough, So, the author Yunbi used by the intensity and speed is uneven。 Such intensity and speed of different lines on the show in space and time on the campaign, which gives a dynamic; again, we Tantalizing head in the opposite direction of exaggerated movement of lines, from the largest four-legged horse Limits to the extension of the different directions can be seen in the gesture, the author attempting to use the enormous tension lines to performance Tantalizing, Ma rousing, bronze, stone on the animal gives a strong visual sense of movement。 It is through this sense of movement, so that it works shown strong vitality。 From the contour of the performance, space, the brightness of。 Some people used "single-Ping Tu," to summarize the characteristics of Chinese painting, this is incorrect。 Single-Ping Tu is a common human characteristic of the early paintings。 Since the Late Han Dynasty, the characteristics of Chinese paintings will be difficult to use a single, clear-coated。 Contour Wei purpose by painting images of the surrounding line。 It is the face of the painting and its images in which the relationship between space, it is only a background of images from the separated, and can not show the images of the internal structure and light distribution。 Since the Chinese artists to create a unique Cunfa, depiction and rub into law, the internal structure and optical images of the treatment, not with perspective, shading, but to this nation unique form of expression painted out。 From the Five Dynasties period, Dong Yuan "Xiaoxiang map", we can see the development of Chinese painting lines changes:
此画用轮廓线界定了山的空间位置和整体走势后，对山体内的各个组成部分，均以长披麻皴线条加点来表现。众多披麻皴线条与点的有序排列，一方面刻画出山岭在一定光线照耀下的皴纹，另一方面表现出山体内各个部分的有机组合，从而有效地描绘了山体的结构。这些表现结构的皴线、点与轮廓线融合后，山的雄姿秀态就尽眼底了。
This painting used to define the contours of the space-location and the overall trend, Duishan the various components of the body, are in long lines Phi Ma Cun points to increase performance。 Phi Ma Cun many points of the lines and orderly, on the one hand sculpts the mountain in a certain light shining under the Cun Wen, on the other hand Chushan performance in various parts of the organic combination, effectively depicts the structure of the mountain。 Cun performance of these lines, points and contour integration, Hill Xiongzi show on the state to the eyes。
此画没有用透视法照样画出物象的空间和距离，是由于画家灵活运用了皴线和点。画面的远景部分，画家用的是较短、较小、较淡的皴线与点；近景部分，则用较长、较浓的皴点；山体背阴的部分，用较浓的短线与点；各个山头用重迭法画出，画家用这些方法表现出山体的纵深感。有人认为这种方法没有透视法科学准确。当然，按透视法画出的物象显很逼真。但是，格式塔心理学家指出：透视法的准确是建立在透视缩短与透视变形基础上的，它仅仅是在二维空间表现三维幻觉，是对眼睛的“欺骗”。因此，我们不必用透视法来苛求用皴、点与重迭法来表现物象空间距离——“深度”的中国画。
This painting does not use the same perspective to draw images of space and distance, is due to the painter flexibility in the use of the Cun lines and points。 Screen the vision of the artist using a shorter, smaller, lighter and Cun-point close-range part, with longer, the Jiaonong Cun; Beiyin part of the mountain, with the short-term and Jiaonong points; Overlap with the various sects of paint, the artists use these methods Chushan performance of the Zongshen Gan。 Some people think that this method does not accurately scientific perspective。 Of course, the perspective of the images painted in very realistic。 However, the Gestalt psychologists pointed out: Perspective is built on the exact perspective and the perspective reduced on the basis of the deformation, it is only two-dimensional space in the performance of three-dimensional illusion, the eyes of "deception。" Therefore, we do not have to use perspective to expect with Cun, the points of overlap and show images from space - the "depth" of Chinese painting。
此画没有用明暗法也画出了物象的光分布。这是因为画家利用皴线有疏有密的排列与部分留自来描绘山体的明部与暗部。显然，这幅画似乎没有固定光源和合乎比例的明暗层次(亮度梯度)，但这样的作品并不像有人说的只强调线条韵律不要光，而是采用垂直光分布、正面光(正面留白)来表现光亮，背面、侧面用密集的短皴与点来表现。这种特殊的正面光与明暗分布法，源于道家哲学“万物负阴而抱阳”的观点。董源之后，画家们又把皴与擦融为一体，    进一步表现了物象的明暗层次，色彩的渲染对用皴擦表现光分布也起了辅助作用。这样在表现光的过程中，各种线条一直起着主导作用。董源作品中的线条组合，不仅表现了物象的光分布，而且表现了空气的湿度——南方群山的华滋湿润、苍茫葱郁。这是在西洋画中难以见到的。
 This painting is of no use to draw the shades of images of light distribution。 This is because the artists use Cun lines are infrequent and are of the order to remain part of the mountain of unsolicited depict the dark and the Department of the Ministry。 It is clear that the painting did not seem to be a fixed proportion of light and shades (brightness gradient), but this does not work like some people say that the rhythm of lines that will not only light, but use of the vertical distribution of light, a positive light (positive blank ) To performance Bright, back, side with the short-Cun and point performance。 This special positive light and dark distribution method, derived from Taoist philosophy of "all things which have negative yin-yang" point of view。 Dong Yuan, painters and wipe again Cun integration, further demonstrated the shades images, the color rendering of using performance-Cun wiping distribution also played a supporting role。 This performance in light of the process, the various lines has played a leading role。 Dong Yuan works in the combination of lines, not only the distribution of images of light, but also the humidity of the air - the southern mountains, mayonnaise and humid, lush Cangmang。 This is in Western painting it is difficult to see。
从”存形”的线条到抒情的线条。在唐代以前，中国画以反映社会生活，描绘明君、忠臣、烈士、贞女等人物为主。在留下历史人物真容方面，绘画优于其它著作，所以陆机说：“存形莫善于画。”习附的绘画线条功能主要在服务于“存形”，即真实描绘客观对象。
From the "shape of" the lyric lines to the lines。 Before the Tang Dynasty, Chinese painting to reflect the social life, depicting Mingjun, loyal, martyrs, Zhennv such as the main characters。 The capacity to stay true historical figures, the painting is superior to other works, Lu Ji said: "The shape of good at-painting。" Habit of painting lines in service at the main function "of shape," painted an objective that is the real target。