【摘要】历史上，心理学领域一直关注个体层面的种族偏见，考虑各种刺激对个体种族态度和偏见的影响。这种方法提供了有价值的信息，但对种族偏见的系统性的关注还不够。在这篇综述中，我们通过系统性的视角研究了个人层面的种族偏见与更广泛的社会系统之间的双向关系。我们认为，从人际到文化等各个层面的系统性因素导致了儿童和成人种族偏见的产生和强化。我们考虑了五个系统性因素对美国种族偏见的影响：权力和特权差异、文化叙事和价值观、种族隔离的社区、共同的刻板印象和非语言信息。我们讨论的证据表明，这些因素塑造了个人层面的种族偏见，而个人层面的偏见塑造了再现系统性种族偏见和不平等的系统和机构。最后，我们提出了可以限制这些影响的干预措施的建议，并讨论了该领域的未来方向。

[Abstract] Historically, the field of psychology has focused on racial biases at an individual level, considering the effects of various stimuli on individual racial attitudes and biases. This approach has provided valuable information, but not enough focus has been placed on the systemic nature of racial biases. In this Review, we examine the bidirectional relation between individual-level racial biases and broader societal systems through a systemic lens. We argue that systemic factors operating across levels — from the interpersonal to the cultural — contribute to the production and reinforcement of racial biases in children and adults. We consider the effects of five systemic factors on racial biases in the USA: power and privilege disparities, cultural narratives and values, segregated communities, shared stereotypes and nonverbal messages. We discuss evidence that these factors shape individual-level racial biases, and that individual-level biases shape systems and institutions to reproduce systemic racial biases and inequalities. We conclude with suggestions for interventions that could limit the effects of these influences and discuss future directions for the field.

    论文原文：Allison L. Skinner-Dorkenoo, Meghan George, James E. Wages III, Sirenia Sánchez & Sylvia P. Perry (2023). A systemic approach to the psychology of racial bias within individuals and society. Nature Reviews - Psychology. Volume 2: 392–406. July 2023.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00190-z

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