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突触可塑性和心理健康：方法、挑战和机遇

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突触可塑性和心理健康：方法、挑战和机遇

Synaptic plasticity and mental health: methods, challenges and opportunities

——原载《神经精神药理学》杂志2023年第48卷113-120页——

<Neuropsychopharmacology> 2023, Volume 48, P113-120

【摘要】依赖于活动的突触可塑性是神经系统的一种普遍存在的特性，它允许神经元根据过去的经验进行交流和改变它们的连接。通过重新调整突触强度，神经系统可以自我重塑，产生持久的记忆，为心理功能奠定生物学基础。在健康个体中，突触可塑性经历了特征性的发育和衰老轨迹。反过来，功能失调的可塑性是广泛的神经精神疾病的基础，包括抑郁症、精神分裂症、成瘾和创伤后应激障碍。从机械的角度来看，突触可塑性跨越时空尺度的范围，从微秒到寿命，从微米到整个神经系统。随着突触的数量和强度在如此大的范围内发生变化，开发具有互补灵敏度的测量技术变得非常重要，并且越来越多的方法现在正被用于此目的。通过血液动力学测量、结构和示踪剂成像以及无创神经调节，可以对构成突触可塑性和相关行为学习基础的结构和功能变化进行成像。在这里，我们回顾了神经可塑性的机制以及允许对伴随精神疾病的突触变化进行成像的技术的历史和未来趋势，突出了新兴疗法以及伴随这一新兴研究领域的挑战和机遇。

[Abstract] Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is a ubiquitous property of the nervous system that allows neurons to communicate and change their connections as a function of past experiences. Through reweighting of synaptic strengths, the nervous system can remodel itself, giving rise to durable memories that create the biological basis for mental function. In healthy individuals, synaptic plasticity undergoes characteristic developmental and aging trajectories. Dysfunctional plasticity, in turn, underlies a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, addiction, and posttraumatic stress disorder. From a mechanistic standpoint, synaptic plasticity spans the gamut of spatial and temporal scales, from microseconds to the lifespan, from microns to the entire nervous system. With the numbers and strengths of synapses changing on such wide scales, there is an important need to develop measurement techniques with complimentary sensitivities and a growing number of approaches are now being harnessed for this purpose. Through hemodynamic measures, structural and tracer imaging, and noninvasive neuromodulation, it is possible to image structural and functional changes that underlie synaptic plasticity and associated behavioral learning. Here we review the mechanisms of neural plasticity and the historical and future trends in techniques that allow imaging of synaptic changes that accompany psychiatric disorders, highlighting emerging therapeutics and the challenges and opportunities accompanying this burgeoning area of study.

论文原文：Lawrence G. Appelbaum, Mohammad Ali Shenasa, Louise Stolz & Zafiris Daskalakis (2023). Synaptic plasticity and mental health: methods, challenges and opportunities. Neuropsychopharmacology. volume 48, pages 113–120 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01370-w

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