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性和变性情况的医学化：演变和转变
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性和变性情况的医学化：演变和转变
Medicalization of Sexuality and Trans Situations: Evolutions and Transformations
——原载《社会》杂志2023年第13卷第1期——
<Societies> 2023, 13 (1)
【关键词】医学化；性欲；社会控制；药理学
[本文简介]自从1998年发布了治疗男性勃起功能障碍的新药物，以及最近发布了一些治疗女性性问题和性障碍的药物以来，关于药物化的问题和争议不断更新和重新表述的性。 “性医学化”提出的问题导致了关于社会医学化的普遍问题的更新，康拉德和其他提出其他概念的人已经将其概念化，例如“生物医学化”。正如历史学家Olivier Faure 已经指出的那样，“医疗化一词指的是多种现实，具有不同的起源，并产生了对立的解释。医学化的概念远不止是一个共识的对象，它是历史学家之间争论不休的不竭来源，这使它变得丰富，但也模棱两可”。福尔观察到的关于历史学家的情况完全适用于本书所处的社会学、人类学和科学技术研究 (STS)。对所谓的性医学化问题的态度并不明确。取决于职业立场、个人观念和个人捍卫和试图促进的职业利益，医疗化问题的处理方式并不相同。每个人都可能以不同的方式考虑使用这个概念的合法性，积极的方面，或者相反，消极或有问题的方面。与医学化过程相关的维度和价值的不同评估也因研究对象而异：男性和女性“性障碍”、艾滋病毒预防技术以及旨在促进跨性别者和性别多样化的性别肯定过程的治疗（ TGD）人们。这些不同的评估以及它们可能被指定为性或性别问题的“医学化”形式，根据历史时刻和参与这些过程的参与者而有所不同。在本文将要讨论的例子中，观察到反对参与不同层次的行为者的激烈争论，一方面，在特定情况下涉及的不同专业团体之间，或者，另一方面，不同的人之间的对立 针对特定条件定位群体，即医生和患者群体、护理用户和消费者。因此，正是对医学化过程的根本争议性质的理解和讨论使它们变得有趣，这将成为当前工作的中心焦点。
[Abstract]This article explores the evolution of the definition and the process of medicalization of sexuality during the second half of the 20th century. After a review and discussion of the notion of medicalization, the application of this notion to a few examples is discussed, including the emergence of sexuality, the demedicalization of homosexuality, the treatment of “sexual disorders”, the prevention of HIV infection, and the gender-affirmation pathways for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people. The analysis of these situations—in the light of the notion of medicalization—allows us to better understand the multiple facets of this notion. In particular, we observe processes of medicalization and demedicalization, depathologization, and pharmacologization. The notion of medicalization of sexuality appears here as a useful concept for understanding the conceptualization and treatment of diversities in the field of sexuality and gender.
[Key words] medicalization; sexuality; social control; pharmacologization
[Introduction]Since the release in 1998 of new pharmacological treatments for male erectile dysfunction, and, more recently, the release of some pharmacological treatments for women’s sexual problems and disorders, there has been a renewal and reformulation of the issues and controversies regarding the medicalization of sexuality. The questions raised by the “medicalization of sexuality” lead to a renewal of the general questions about the medicalization of society in general, which has already been conceptualized in the work of Conrad and others who have developed other notions, such as “biomedicalization”. As historian Olivier Faure has already noted, “the term medicalization refers to multiple realities, has different origins and gives rise to opposing interpretations. Much more than an object of consensus, the notion of medicalization is an inexhaustible source of debate among historians, which makes it rich, but also ambiguous”. The situation observed by Faure with regard to historians applies perfectly to sociology, anthropology, and science and technology studies (STS) in which this work is situated.Attitudes towards the issue of the so-called medicalization of sexuality are not univocal. Depending on the professional position, the personal conceptions, and the professional interests that one defends and tries to promote, the question of medicalization is not approached in the same way. Everyone may consider the legitimacy of the use of this concept differently, the positive aspects or, conversely, the negative or problematic aspects. The different evaluations of the dimensions and values associated with the processes of medicalization vary also according to the objects under study: male and female ‘sexual disorders’, HIV prevention techniques, and treatments aimed at facilitating the gender affirmation process for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people. These different evaluations and their possible designation as forms of “medicalization” of sexuality or gender issues vary according to the historical moments and the actors involved in these processes. In the examples that will be discussed in this work, violent controversies that opposed actors involved at different levels were observed, either, on the one hand, between different professional groups involved in a given situation, or, on the other, an opposition between differently positioned groups regarding a specific condition, i.e., medical doctors and groups of patients, users of care, and consumers. It is, therefore, the understanding and discussion of the fundamentally controversial nature of medicalization processes that makes them interesting and that will be the central focus of the present work.
论文原文：Alain Giami (2023). Medicalization of Sexuality and Trans Situations: Evolutions and Transformations. Societies, 13(1): 3.
https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13010003
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