选择性记忆提取可以恢复被遗忘的记忆

Selective memory retrieval can revive forgotten memories

——原载《美国国家科学院院刊》2022年第119卷第8期——

<Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS)>, 119 (8)

【意义】随着时间的推移，编码信息的回忆会受到损害。我们表明选择性提取可以中断这种与时间相关的遗忘。对一些研究信息的选择性提取可以恢复未提取到的信息，并使回忆水平恢复到研究后不久的水平。引人注目的是，我们发现选择性提取提取后的时间依赖性遗忘模仿了学习后的时间依赖性遗忘，这意味着被遗忘的记忆的恢复是持久的，并且是由回忆过程的重置引起的。在现实世界中，编码情节的提取通常是选择性的，并且通常是滞后的，例如在教育环境或目击者证词情况下。我们的研究结果表明，选择性提取可以提高人们在这种情况下的记忆力。

 

【摘要】随着时间的流逝，人类对编码内容的记忆越来越少。选择性提取可以中断这种与时间相关的遗忘，不仅可以增强对提取到的信息的回忆，还可以增强对未提取到的信息的回忆。回忆增强归因于上下文提取和选择性提取在研究期间重新激活提取到的项目的时间上下文的想法，这可以促进回忆在研究中具有相似上下文的其他项目。然而，尚不清楚上下文提取是否仅在时间上下文流中引起短暂的不连续性，或者是更持久的上下文更新，这将导致时间相关遗忘的持久中断。在三个实验中，我们分析了在学习后和时滞选择性提取后对编码信息的时间依赖性遗忘。选择性提取将非提取信息的召回率提高到研究后直接观察到的水平。有趣的是，它还重新启动了依赖时间的遗忘，这使得提取后的遗忘与学习后的遗忘无法区分，从而引发了回忆过程的重置。结果表明，选择性提取可以恢复被遗忘的记忆并导致持久的回忆增强，效果可能由上下文提取和时间上下文的永久更新介导。

 

[Significance]Recall of encoded information gets impaired as time passes. We show that selective retrieval can interrupt such time-dependent forgetting. Selective retrieval of some studied information can revive the nonretrieved information and bring recall levels back to the levels shortly after study. Strikingly, we found that time-dependent forgetting after selective retrieval mimics time-dependent forgetting after study, which implies that the revival of the forgotten memories is lasting and caused by a reset of the recall process. In the real world, retrieval of encoded episodes is often selective and is often time-lagged, like in educational settings or in eyewitness testimony situations. Our findings suggest that selective retrieval can improve people’s memory in such situations.

 

[Abstract] Humans remember less and less of what was encoded as more and more time passes. Selective retrieval can interrupt such time-dependent forgetting, enhancing recall not only of the retrieved but also of the nonretrieved information. The recall enhancement has been attributed to context retrieval and the idea that selective retrieval reactivates the retrieved item’s temporal context during study, which can facilitate recall of other items that had a similar context at study. However, it is unclear whether context retrieval induces a transient discontinuity in the stream of temporal context only, or a more permanent updating of context that would entail a lasting interruption of time-dependent forgetting. In three experiments, we analyzed time-dependent forgetting of encoded information right after study and after time-lagged selective retrieval. Selective retrieval boosted recall of the nonretrieved information up to the levels observed directly after study. Intriguingly, it also created a restart of time-dependent forgetting that made forgetting after retrieval indistinguishable from forgetting after study and thus induced a reset of the recall process. The results suggest that selective retrieval can revive forgotten memories and cause lasting recall enhancement, effects likely mediated by context retrieval and a permanent updating of temporal context.

 

本中文解析是针对论文《选择性记忆提取可以恢复被遗忘的记忆（Selective memory retrieval can revive forgotten memories）》的一篇论文解析， 该论文于发表于《美国科学院院刊（PNAS）》2022年第119卷第8期上，作者包括美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学心理和脑科学部的Karl-Heinz T Bäuml和 Lukas Trißl。

（中文解析请阅《华人心理健康报》2022年7月11日PDF版）

论文原文：Karl-Heinz T. Bäuml and Lukas Trißl (2022). Selective memory retrieval can revive forgotten memories. <Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS)>, 119 (8).

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2114377119