幸福源自灵魂：幸福的本质和根源

Happiness is from the Soul: The Nature and Origins of Our Happiness Concept

—原载美国《实验心理学杂志：总论》2021年第150卷第2期—

<Journal of Experimental Psychology: General> 2021, 150 (2)

【摘要】什么是幸福？幸福是好心情还是良好？在5项研究中，我们从发展和跨语言的角度探索了我们幸福概念的本质和起源。我们发现，令人惊讶的是，即使角色都具有积极的主观状态（研究1），年仅4岁的儿童认为道德坏人不如道德好人快乐。道德品质不影响身体特征的归因（研究2），并且在幸福的归因（研究3）中比主观状态更有力。此外，道德品质而非智力影响了儿童和成人的幸福归因（研究4）。最后，中国人在用两个词来形容幸福时的反应相似，尽管一个词（“高兴”）比另一个词（“快乐”）更具描述性（研究5）。因此，我们发现道德判断在幸福归因中扮演着相对独特的角色，这是令人惊讶的早期出现并且在很大程度上独立于语言和文化影响，因此可能反映了心理的基本认知特征。

【关键词】幸福、主观体验、情感理解、道德品格、道德判断

[Abstract] What is happiness? Is happiness about feeling good or about being good? Across 5 studies, we explored the nature and origins of our happiness concept developmentally and cross-linguistically. We found that surprisingly, children as young as age 4 viewed morally bad people as less happy than morally good people, even if the characters all have positive subjective states (Study 1). Moral character did not affect attributions of physical traits (Study 2) and was more powerfully weighted than subjective states in attributions of happiness (Study 3). Moreover, moral character but not intelligence influenced children and adults’ happiness attributions (Study4). Finally, Chinese people responded similarly when attributing happiness with2 words, despite one (“Gao Xing”) being substantially more descriptive than the other (“Kuai Le”) (Study 5). Therefore, we found that moral judgment plays a relatively unique role in happiness attributions, which is surprisingly early emerging and largely independent of linguistic and cultural influences, and thus likely reflects a fundamental cognitive feature of the mind.

[Keywords] Happiness, Subjective experiences, Emotion understanding, Moral character, Moral judgment

这篇中文解析是针对论文《幸福源自灵魂：幸福的本质和根源 (Happiness Is From the Soul: The Nature and Origins of Our Happiness Concept)》的一篇论文解析，该论文于2021年2月发表于《实验心理学杂志：总论》（Journal of Experimental Psychology: General）第150卷第2期。该研究作者包括耶鲁大学和芝加哥大学的Fan Yang和耶鲁大学的Joshua Knobe, Yarrow Dunham。

（中文解析见《华人心理健康报》2021年10月25日PDF版）

论文原文：Yang, F. , Knobe, J. , & Dunham, Y. (2021).Happiness is from the soul: the nature and origins of our happiness concept. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150 (2): 276-288

https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000790

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