马乾宁

　　美国和包括其在内的西方国家领导世界也就二百年的历史。而这能算什么领导呢?早前是强盗，现在不过是霸道而矣。因为西方和美国人至今还是仅懂人权而不懂什么叫仁义。连大盗亦有道都做不到。人生必架于物。西方兴起的这二百年对物的占有不过就是通过掠夺土地，贩卖黑奴，鸦片贸易等开始的。时至今日，奥巴马还是认为不能设想世界上的新兴国家都象美国一样生活。因为世界资源也不可能支持这种资源消耗型的生活。今天的美国依然紧盯着，想着多占有世界资源保持美国人这种资源消耗型的生活。这种做法象什么呢?用句形容动物的俗语就叫——“护食”。

　　美国人东征西讨，以人权做幌子，根本还是为了占有世界资源。以强权欺负天下人敢怒而不敢言。中国的老子认为：“受国之垢是谓社稷主。受国不祥是为天下王。正言若反。”想为天下王就得担负起天下的责任。而时至今日，也没担负起维护世界环境的责任。至今没有批准节能减排的《京都议定书》。世界凭什么还会让一个“护食”的美国领导呢?所以说美国的衰落是历史的必然，因为世界上没有长盛不衰的道理。所以美国现在要做的就是如同一个走入衰老进程的老人那样，好好保养.养生，进行力所能及的体育锻炼。现在切不可干一些力不从心的冒险的事情，从而加速了衰老的进程。

　　什么叫人权?一个人不受剥削压迫.不受奴役的权利才是最基本的人权。在这个世界上，人分地域而居，物分地域而产。因为日月运行之道是循环往复，所以有道之人讲的是互通有无的交换，无道之人奉行的是劫掠。有道的中国人在明代就有郑和下西洋的庞大船队，而这并没有使中国走向奴役世界之路。而美国就是这样一个国家：——当他需要土地的时候，他去屠杀印第安人。当他需要劳力的时候，他去贩卖黑奴。当他需要资本渔利的时候，叫你开放金融市场。好叫高盛翻手为云覆手为雨。当他需要白得世界资源的时候他可滥发美元。用纸张纸币换回世界的资源。

　　什么是自由?我说这个世界上只有自游，而没有“自由”。自由的小人们要的自由就是由自。什么事情都要符合他的个人私愿才叫自由。个人的自由与人权不能侵犯公道与正义。不能去追求不仁也不义的自由。

　　什么是民主?民主是众人之事以众人的意志为主才是民主。民主小人要的不是民主，而是自做主，私做主。只要不合他个人私愿就说你不民主。所以这些要所谓民主的民主小人应该叫民主强盗.民主之贼。

　　民主不是大家选主。民主是人民参与国家的管理，而不仅是通过票选管理自己的人。所以说应该侧重于民主实质而不是仅要民主的选主形式。要创人民参与国家管理的新思维.新方式。不是纠缠于谁治，而是要关心以何为治。不是纠缠于什么普选的提名方式，而是要想怎样才能选出一个德才兼备的领导者。

　　美国动不动就指责别的国家领导人有反人类罪。现在据利比里亚科学家挺身揭露美国防部对西非埃博拉爆发负责。利比里亚大学农业与森林学院任职的植物病理学教授布罗德里克博士挺身而出在利比里亚《每日观察报》发文揭露：“美国政府在塞拉利昂操作一个‘病毒性出血热生物恐怖主义研究’实验室”;“西方，特别是美国，对西方爆发的埃博拉疫情负责”;“大多数病毒性或细菌性转基因源于战略上设计为生物武器。”所以说美国政府及国防部已犯下了反人类罪行 。

　　复兴中华就是要实现以公道莅天下，世界人民共和。所以说中国人民必须声讨美国政府及国防部已犯下的反人类罪行。并建议联合国成立专门的调查组调查。

　　附文：

　　作者：陈一文译

　　美国国防部首次对人体进行埃博拉病毒临床试验，始于2014年1月。

　　美国国防部与加拿大医药公司Tekmira达成1.4亿美元的合同，进行埃博拉研究，包括对健康人注射与注入致命埃博拉病毒。美国国防部因而被列为“首次对人体进行的”埃博拉病毒临床试验的“合作者”(项目号NCT02041715)，始于2014年1月。利比里亚科学家，利比里亚大学农业与森林学院任职的植物病理学教授布罗德里克博士挺身而出在利比里亚《每日观察报》发文揭露：“美国政府在塞拉利昂操作一个‘病毒性出血热生物恐怖主义研究’实验室”;“西方，特别是美国，对西方爆发的埃博拉疫情负责”;“大多数病毒性或细菌性转基因源于战略上设计为生物武器。”《波士顿环球报》2010年发表韦尔斯利学院医学历史学家雷维拜教授文章，揭露1946到1948年期间，杜鲁门总统领导下美国政府与危地马拉总统及其卫生官员合作，对5000名危地马拉人做人体实验，故意用梅毒性病感染了1300多人。此案62年后暴露，奥巴马总统、希拉里国务卿不得不打电话向危地马拉总统道歉。美国伊利诺斯大学法律学院博伊尔教授对奥巴马政府在西非的行动质问：“奥巴马政府为什么派遣对死亡中非洲人进行医疗没有任何培训的部队到利比里亚去?1976年首次在扎伊尔发现的埃博拉病毒如何从3500公里以外跑到了西非”?

　　U.S. is Responsible for the Ebola Outbreak in West Africa:

　　Liberian Scientist

　　美国对西非埃博拉疫情暴发负责：利比里亚科学家揭露

　　转载、翻译者：陈一文(cheniwan@cei.gov.cn)

　　《转基因技术与人类安全》研究专家、80年代两届全国青联委员

　　转载自（加拿大）《全球研究》网站：

　　http://www.globalresearch.ca/a-liberian-scientist-claims-the-u-s-is-responsible-for-the-ebola-outbreak-in-west-africa/5408459

　　By Timothy Alexander Guzman Global Research,

　　作者：蒂莫西·亚历山大·古斯曼 全球研究

　　October 17, 2014 Silent Crow News

　　2014年10月17日

　　图1

　　A History of Guatemala’s Syphilis Experiment: How a U.S. Led Team Performed Human Experimentations in Central America

　　在危地马拉进行的梅毒实验历史：美国领导的团队如何在中美洲进行人体实验

　　Dr. Cyril Broderick, A Liberian scientist and a former professor of Plant Pathology at the University of Liberia’s College of Agriculture and Forestry says the West, particularly the U.S. is responsible for the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Dr. Broderick claims the following in an exclusive article published in the Daily Observer based in Monrovia, Liberia. He wrote the following:

　　西里尔•布罗德里克博士，一位利比里亚科学家，利比里亚大学农业与森林学院任职的植物病理学教授，说西方，特别是美国，对西方爆发的埃博拉疫情负责。利比里亚首都蒙罗维亚《每日观察报》独家发表的文章中，布罗德里克博士提出这样的指责，揭露如下：

　　The US Department of Defense (DoD) is funding Ebola trials on humans, trials which started just weeks before the Ebola outbreak in Guinea and Sierra Leone.

　　爆发前数周前在几内亚与塞拉利昂开始的埃博拉病毒人体实验的资金由美国国防部（DoD）提供。

　　The reports continue and state that the DoD gave a contract worth $140 million dollars to Tekmira, a Canadian pharmaceutical company, to conduct Ebola research.

　　报告进一步揭露：美国国防部与加拿大医药公司Tekmira达成1.4亿美元的合同，来进行埃博拉研究。

　　This research work involved injecting and infusing healthy humans with the deadly Ebola virus. Hence, the DoD is listed as a collaborator in a “First in Human” Ebola clinical trial (NCT02041715, which started in January 2014 shortly before an Ebola epidemic was declared in West Africa in March.

　　这项研究工作包括对健康人注射与注入致命埃博拉病毒。美国国防部因而被列为“首次对人体进行的”埃博拉病毒临床试验的“合作者”（项目号NCT02041715，始于2014年1月，即2014年3月宣布西非埃博拉疫情前不久）。

　　Is it possible that the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and other Western countries are directly responsible for infecting Africans with the Ebola virus?

　　美国国防部与其他西方国家是否可能对非洲人感染埃博拉病毒负有直接负责？

　　Dr. Broderick claims that the U.S. government has a research laboratory located in a town called Kenema in Sierra Leone that studies what he calls “viral fever bioterrorism”, It is also the town where he acknowledges that is the “epicentre of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.”

　　罗德里克博士声称，美国政府在塞拉利昂Kenema市有一个研究实验室，他称之为对“病毒发烧生物恐怖主义”进行研究。

　　Is it a fact? Is Dr. Broderick a conspiracy theorist?

　　这是否是事实？罗德里克博士是否是一位阴谋论者？

　　He says that “there is urgent need for affirmative action in protecting the less affluent of poorer countries, especially African citizens, whose countries are not as scientifically and industrially endowed as the United States and most Western countries, sources of most viral or bacterial GMOs that are strategically designed as biological weapons.”

　　罗德里克博士说，“有紧急需要采取反歧视行动，保护较穷困国家不太富裕的人，特别是是非洲民众，这些国家不像美国与大部分西方国家科学和工业赋予的那样发达，大多数病毒性或细菌性转基因源于战略上设计为生物武器。”

　　He also asks an important question when he says “It is most disturbing that the U. S. Government has been operating a viral hemorrhagic fever bioterrorism research laboratory in Sierra Leone. Are there others?”

　　罗德里克博士下述一段话还提出了一个重要的问题，“美国政府在塞拉利昂操作一个病毒性出血热生物恐怖主义研究实验室最为令人不安。还有其他的实验室吗？”

　　Well, Mr. Broderick’s claims seem to be true.

　　嗯，布罗德里克先生的说法似乎是真的。

　　After all, the U.S. government has been experimenting with deadly diseases on human beings for a long time, history tells us so.

　　美国政府终归长期以来进行致命疾病人体实验，历史这样告诉我们。

　　One example is Guatemala. Between 1946 and 1948, the United States government under President Harry S. Truman in collaboration with Guatemalan President Juan José Arévalo and his health officials deliberately infected more than 1500 soldiers, prostitutes, prisoners and even mental patients with syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and chancroid (a bacterial sexual infection) out of more than 5500 Guatemalan people who participated in the experiments.

　　一个例子是危地马拉。1946到1948年期间，哈利·S·杜鲁门总统领导下的美国政府与危地马拉总统Juan José Arévalo及其卫生官员合作，对参加实验的5000危地马拉人故意用梅毒与淋病和软下疳（细菌性性感染）等其他性传播疾病感染了1500多位军人、妓女、囚犯以至精神病人。

　　The worst part of it is that none of the test subjects infected with the diseases ever gave informed consent.

　　该项实验最坏的方面是受到感染的所有试验对象都没有安排知情同意。

　　The Boston Globe published the discovery made by Medical historian and professor at Wellesley College, Susan M. Reverby in 2010 called ‘Wellesley professor unearths a horror: Syphilis experiments in Guatemala.’ It stated how she came across her discovery:

　　《波士顿环球报》2010年发表了韦尔斯利学院医学历史学家苏珊·M·雷维拜教授的文章《韦尔斯利学院教授挖掘出恐怖事件：在危地马拉的梅毒实验》，介绍了她如何接触她的发现：

　　Picking through musty files in a Pennsylvania archive, a Wellesley College professor made a heart-stopping discovery: US government scientists in the 1940s deliberately infected hundreds of Guatemalans with syphilis and gonorrhea in experiments conducted without the subjects’ permission.

　　在宾西法尼亚档案馆阅览一堆发霉文件时，这位韦尔斯利学院教授有了一项惊心动魄的发现：美国政府科学家在40年代在未获得实验对象同意情况下故意用梅毒和淋病病毒感染了数百危地马拉人。

　　Medical historian Susan M. Reverby happened upon the documents four or five years ago while researching the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study and later shared her findings with US government officials.

　　医学历史学家苏珊·M·雷维拜教授四年或者五年前研究臭名昭著的塔斯基吉梅毒研究时解除了这些文件，而后与美国政府官员分享了她的发现。

　　The unethical research was not publicly disclosed until yesterday, when President Obama and two Cabinet secretaries apologized to Guatemala’s government and people and pledged to never repeat the mistakes of the past — an era when it was not uncommon for doctors to experiment on patients without their consent.

　　这项不道德的研究到昨天（2014年10月16日），奥巴马总统向危地马拉政府与人民道歉并且承诺永远不会重复过去的错误之前一直没有向公众公布--过去的那个时代不少医生可能对患者做人体实验而不事先取得他们的同意。

　　After Reverby’s discovery, the Obama administration apparently gave an apology to then-President Alvaro Colom according to the Boston Globe:

　　据《波士顿环球报》报道，雷维拜教授的发现以后，奥巴马政府显然给危地马拉时任总统Alvaro Colom道歉：

　　Yesterday, Obama called President Álvaro Colom Caballeros of Guatemala to apologize, and Obama’s spokesman told reporters the experiment was “tragic, and the United States by all means apologizes to all those who were impacted by this.

　　昨天，奥巴马给危地马拉总统Álvaro Colom Caballeros打电话道歉，奥巴马政府发言人告诉新闻记者，那项实验是“一场悲剧，美国尽力向受到这种影响所有人道歉。”

　　Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton had called Colom Thursday night to break the news to him. In her conversation with the Guatemalan president, Clinton expressed “her personal outrage and deep regret that such reprehensible research could occur,’’ said Arturo Valenzuela, assistant secretary of state for Western Hemisphere affairs.

　　国务卿希拉里·R·克林顿周四晚上打电话将这个消息告知Colom。与危地马拉总统通话中，希拉里表达“她个人的愤怒并对应受谴责的研究曾经发生深表遗憾,”国务院负责西半球事务助理国务卿Arturo Valenzuela说。

　　图2

　　The study in Guatemala was led by John Cutler, a US health service physician who also took part in the controversial Tuskegee Syphilis experiments which began in the 1930’s.

　　危地马拉的研究在约翰·卡特拉领导下进行，他是一位美国卫生服务医生，30年代也参加了有争议的Tuskegee梅毒人体实验。

　　Researchers wanted to study the effects of a group of antibiotics called penicillin on affected individuals. The prevention and treatment of syphilis and other venereal diseases were also included in the experimentation.

　　研究者要研究一组称为盘尼西林的抗生素在受感染人士上的影响。该项实验还包括对梅毒等性病的预防与治疗。

　　Although they were treated with antibiotics, more than 83 people had died according to BBC news in 2011 following a statement issued by Dr Amy Gutmann, head of the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues:

　　受感染人士尽管用抗生素进行了治疗，至少83位人士死亡，依据英国BBC对于生物伦理问题总统委员会负责人阿米·古特曼博士2011年发表的声明的报道：

　　The Commission said some 5,500 Guatemalans were involved in all the research that took place between 1946 and 1948. Of these, some 1,300 were deliberately infected with syphilis, gonorrhoea or another sexually transmitted disease, chancroid. And of that group only about 700 received some sort of treatment. According to documents the commission had studied, at least 83 of the 5,500 subjects had died by the end of 1953.

　　生物伦理问题总统委员会说， 1946-1948年期间进行的人体试验涉及大约5,500危地马拉人。这些人中大约1,300人被故意感染梅毒、淋病或其他性传播疾病软性下疳。被故意受感染者中仅大约700人进行了某种治疗。依据该委员会研究过的文件，到1953年底为止，5,500实验对象中至少83人死掉了。

　　Washington’s reaction to the report is a farce.

　　华盛顿对该项报告的反应也是一场闹剧。

　　The apology made to Guatemala’s government was for the sake of public relations.

　　对危地马拉政府做的道歉为公共关系目的做出。

　　Washington knows about its human experimentations in the past with deadly diseases conducted by government-funded laboratories that are known to be harmful to the public. The U.S. government is guilty in conducting numerous medical experiments on people not only in Guatemala but in other countries and on its own territory.

　　华盛顿了解他们过去进行过的人体实验，这些实验由政府资助的实验室用已知对公众有害的致命疾病进行。美国政府对于不仅在危地马拉，而且在其他国家以及美国境内进行过无数医学人体实验有罪。

　　As the Boston Globe report mentioned, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study occurred between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service to study the “natural progression” of untreated syphilis in the African American population.

　　如《波士顿环球报》的报告提到的那样，1932年与1972年之间发生的《塔斯基吉梅毒研究》由美国公共卫生服务部门进行，研究未得到治疗的梅毒在非洲裔美国人的“自然进展”。

　　The U.S. Public Health Service and the Tuskegee Institute collaborated in 1932 and enrolled 600 poor sharecroppers from Macon County, Alabama to study the syphilis infection.

　　1932年，美国公共卫生服务部门与塔斯基吉研究所合作，注册了阿拉巴马州马昆县的600为佃农对梅毒感染进行研究。

　　However, it was documented that at least 400 of those had the disease (they were never informed that they actually had syphilis) while the remaining 200 did not.

　　然而，如文件揭示的那样，实验对象中至少400位人士被确认有这样的疾病（但是他们从来没有被告知他们实际上患梅毒），但是其他200位人士没有患病。

　　They received free medical care, food and even free burial insurance for participating in the study.

　　他们接受免费医疗、食品以及甚至免费埋葬保险如果参与该项研究的话。

　　Documents revealed that they were told that they had “bad blood” which meant that they had various medical conditions besides syphilis.

　　文件揭示，他们被告知他们有“坏血”，意味着梅毒意外他们还患有不同的需要医疗的状况。

　　The Tuskegee scientists continued to study the participants without treating their illnesses and they also withheld much-needed information from the participants about penicillin, which proved to be effective in treating Syphilis and other venereal diseases.

　　塔斯基吉研究所的科学家在不治疗他们疾病条件下继续研究这些参与者，他们还对这些参与者掩盖不告知他们非常需要的有关盘尼西林的信息：盘尼西林对治疗梅毒等其他性病已经证实有效。

　　The test subjects were under the impression that they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government while they were deliberately being lied to by the same administrators who were conducting the tests. Washington is fully aware of its human experimentations with deadly diseases.

　　实验对象的印象是他们正在得到美国政府的免费医疗，但是进行该项试验的同一伙卫生管理人员实际上故意欺骗他们。华盛顿完全了解他们用致命疾病进行的这些人体实验。

　　The government of Guatemala also knew about the Syphilis experiments according to the Boston Globe:

　　据《波士顿环球报》报道，危地马拉政府也了解进行的该项梅毒实验:

　　A representative of the Guatemalan government said his nation will investigate, too — looking in part at the culpability of officials in that country. The records of the experiment suggest that Guatemalan government officials were fully aware of the tests, sanctioned them, and may have done so in exchange for stockpiles of penicillin.

　　危地马拉政府的一位代表说，他们的国家对此也将进行调查 -- 看危地马拉的官员有什么责任。该项实验的文件记录表明，危地马拉政府官员充分了解该项试验的情况，也批准了他们这样做，可能为获得一堆盘尼西林药物。

　　However, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services published the study ‘Fact Sheet on the 1946-1948 U.S. Public Health Service Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Inoculation Study’ and was forced to admit what happened in Guatemala during the syphilis experiments:

　　然而，美国卫生与人类服务部发表的《对于1946-1948年美国公共卫生服务性传播疾病（STD）接种研究》报告，被迫承认该项梅毒实验期间在危地马拉发生了什么：

　　While conducting historical research on the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis, Professor Susan Reverby of Wellesley College recently discovered the archived papers of the late Dr. John Cutler, a U.S. Public Health Service medical officer and a Tuskegee investigator.

　　对于塔斯基吉研究所对梅毒患者不治疗的研究进行历史性研究的过程中，韦尔斯利学院苏珊·雷维拜教授最近发现了已经去世的约翰卡特拉的档案文件，他是一位美国卫生服务医生，塔斯基吉研究所梅毒人体实验的一位调查者。

　　The papers described another unethical study supported by the U.S. government in which highly vulnerable populations in Guatemala were intentionally infected with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

　　这些档案文件描述了得到美国政府的另外一项不道德的研究，其中危地马拉高度脆弱的人群被故意感染性传播疾病（STD）。

　　The study, conducted between 1946 and 1948, was done with the knowledge of Dr. Cutler’s superiors and was funded by a grant from the U.S. National Institutes of Health to the Pan American Sanitary Bureau (which became the Pan American Health Organization) to several Guatemalan government ministries. The study had never been published.

　　该项研究1946年到1948年期间在卡特拉博士上级知情情况下进行，获得美国国家卫生研究院给泛美卫生局（后来成为泛美卫生组织）再给危地马拉几个政府部的资金支持。该项研究从来没有发表过。

　　The U.S. government admitted to its wrongdoing, 62 years too late.

　　美国政府承认自己的错误行为，但是62年后承认已经太迟。

　　What Dr. Broderick wrote is not conspiratorial in any sense. The U.S. government has been involved in bioterrorism; Guatemala is a case in point. Dr. Broderick summarized what average people can do to prevent governments, especially those from the West from creating and exposing populations from diseases they experiment with in laboratories:

　　布罗德里克博士写的文章在任何意义上都不是阴谋论。美国政府确实涉及入生物恐怖主义；危地马拉就是这样的案例。布罗德里克博士描述了普通人能做什么来预防某些政府（特别是西方政府）创造条件让他们国家人口接触他们在实验室中实验的疾病。

　　The challenge is global, and we request assistance from everywhere, including China, Japan, Australia, India, Germany, Italy, and even kind-hearted people in the U.S., France, the U.K., Russia, Korea, Saudi Arabia, and anywhere else whose desire is to help.

　　这是全球性的挑战，我们要求世界各地的人士协助，包括中国、日本、澳大利亚、印度、德国、意大利，以及美国、法国、英国、俄罗斯、韩国、沙特阿拉伯等所有地方愿意帮助的善心的人士给予协助。

　　The situation is bleaker than we on the outside can imagine, and we must provide assistance however we can. To ensure a future that has less of this kind of drama, it is important that we now demand that our leaders and governments be honest, transparent, fair, and productively engaged. They must answer to the people. Please stand up to stop Ebola testing and the spread of this dastardly disease.

　　实际情况比我们在外边的人能够想象的更为悲惨，我们必须提供我们能够提供的协助。保证未来较少发生这种类型的悲剧，非常重要的是我们现在要求我们的领导人与政府能够诚实、透明、公平与高效的参与。他们必须给人们做出回答。请挺身而出停止埃博拉病毒的实验与传播这样的卑鄙的疾病。

　　After Guatemala’s ordeal with the U.S. government who deliberately infected people with syphilis, West African nations should be extremely skeptical about the U.S. government’s actions combating Ebola.

　　美国政府故意让人民感染梅毒造成危地马拉的灾难揭露后，西非国家应当对美国政府抗击埃博拉的行动极端质疑。

　　Professor Francis Boyle of the University of Illinois, College of Law questions the Obama administration’s actions in West Africa.

　　美国伊利诺斯大学法律学院弗朗西斯·博伊尔教授对奥巴马政府在西非的行动提出质问。

　　RIA Novosti recently interviewed Boyle and he said the following:

　　俄罗斯新闻社最近采访了博伊尔教授，他说：

　　US government agencies have a long history of carrying out allegedly defensive biological warfare research at labs in Liberia and Sierra Leone. This includes the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which is now the point agency for managing the Ebola spill-over into the US,” Prof. Francis Boyle said.

　　美国政府机构有在利比里亚与塞拉利昂的实验室开展称之为“防守性生物战研究”很长的历史。美国疾控中心（CDC）参与其中，这个机构现在是管理埃博拉病毒外泄传播到美国的核心机构，弗朗西斯·博伊尔教授说。

　　Why has the Obama administration dispatched troops to Liberia when they have no training to provide medical treatment to dying Africans? How did Zaire/Ebola get to West Africa from about 3,500km away from where it was first identified in 1976?”

　　“奥巴马政府为什么派遣对死亡中非洲人进行医疗没有任何培训的部队到利比里亚去？1976年首次在扎伊尔发现的埃博拉病毒如何从3500公里以外跑到了西非”？

　　That’s a good question for Washington, but would the public get any answers? Not anytime soon, since it took more than 62 years for the Guatemala syphilis experiments to be exposed to the public, not by the US government, by a medical historian.

　　这是对华盛顿提出的一个很好的问题，但是公众能否得到答案？肯定不会很快得到，因为在危地马拉进行的梅毒实验花了62年才暴露给公众，而且不是由美国政府披露的，而由一位医学史研究者揭露。