The White House has been escalating its efforts to reshape its own narrative of chaos in an aggressive response to the crisis, as it will reopen a process critical to the fortunes of the millions of unemployed locked up in November and its own political outlook.

Mr. Trump had earlier repeatedly denied that the virus was a problem for the United States and said his administration had brought it under control months ago. But 29 percent of deaths have been confirmed from the disease, and models used by the White House suggest that number could rise to about 147,000 by early August.