编剧赵华

2009年美国环境医学会关于转基因食品立场的声明

    早就在网上看到过这个“转基因食品严重危害人体健康”消息了。但均未提供原文链接，对提出警告的“美国环境医学会”的译名又不准确，使不少网友将信将疑。以方舟子为首的转基因毒食“促销控”网络水军便竭力抹黑之，说什么“‘美国环境医学科学研究院’是个搞另类医学的野鸡机构，和美国政府没有一点关系，和美国科学院更没有一点关系”，“说转基因食品严重危害人体健康，纯属谣言”云云。

    感谢刘实先生提供了准确的消息来源，使我们得知，美国环境医学会（The American Academy of Environmental Medicine AAEM）成立于1965年，是由美国多个专科的医生联合组建、专门研究环境与人类疾病复杂关系的新兴“环境医学”的国际性组织。而该组织发表的这个关于转基因食品严重危害人体健康的官方声明，本身就是一个综述性研究报告，所提及的转基因食品危害均有论文依据，而非空穴来风、信口开河。

   
    2005年6月4日商务部长薄熙来在北京会见美国商务部长古铁雷斯

    2003年本届政府上任后，立即加大美国转基因大豆进口力度，将进口数量由1000万吨一举增加到2000万吨。2004年不惧与美国打贸易战的薄熙来任商务部长，大大提高了商务部办事效率，却花了整整四年才将转基因大豆进口量增加至3000万吨。2008年薄熙来卸任商务部长去重庆市任职，仅用了两年，进口量便剧增至4000万吨以上，2010年更是一年激增1200万吨！（http://t.cn/zjrSsZY）

    2008年9月30日温家宝接受美国《科学》杂志主编艾伯茨专访

    2008年 9月30日，温家宝总理接受美国《科学》杂志主编艾伯茨专访时说：“我力主大力发展转基因工程，特别是最近发生的世界性粮食紧缺更增强了我的信念。”艾伯茨谈到转基因作物在欧洲遭到强烈抵制时，温家宝说：“不要把转基因这种科学同贸易壁垒联系在一起，那就会阻挡科学的发展。”（http://t.cn/zjrNAux ）难怪艾伯茨事后不禁称赞说，温家宝总理的话“明显体现了他对科学和技术的热情，他认识到科学技术对社会具有核心重要性”。

    于是，中国领先全球的转基因主粮“大跃进”正式拉开帷幕，2008当年农业部就颁发了张启发院士的两种转基因水稻和范云六院士的一种转基因玉米“安全证 书”。若非前农业部长孙政才要求暂不公布，此事当年就会曝光，不至于拖到2009年11月偷偷公布后才遭到民间的激烈反对。

    没错，转基因食品危害人体健康早已不是新闻。1998年，苏格兰一位名叫普兹泰的免疫学家在英国电视上接受采访时说，根据他的研究结果转基因土豆会损害老鼠的内脏和免疫系统。此事激起全欧洲消费者对转基因食品的强烈反对，使得欧洲的绝大多数超市和食品销售商都承诺不卖任何含有转基因成份的食品。2005年11月，澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织一项持续四周的实验表明，被喂食了转基因豌豆的小白鼠的肺部产生了炎症，小白鼠发生过敏反应。

    由于转基因食品危害人体健康的消息不断传出，2005年绿色和平组织发现湖北大面积违法种植转基因抗虫水稻，2006年绿色和平组织在广州的超市发现违法转基因大米、在亨氏婴儿食品中发现同样的转基因成分等，才引起了中国消费者对转基因食品的恐惧，才使得专业“打假”斗士方舟子时不时就要发表一篇关于“转基因恐慌”的科普文章，极力保证“已上市的转基因食品对人体无害甚至更有益处”。奇怪的是，国务院似乎对这些情况“一无所知”，以致温总理根本就没想到要去问《科学》主编：“为何转基因作物在欧洲遭到强烈抵制？”难道欧洲人也全都是科盲？

    但是，2008中国转基因主粮“大跃进”正式开始的次年，即2009年，美国环境医学会就出来打脸了。转基因食品果真安全无害、与天然食品“实质等同”吗？大家自己看下面的综述性研究报告吧。美国环保部超一流华裔生命科学家刘实先生给出了英文。机器翻译的译文也大致能看明白。   

    【刘实按语】

    1978 年，武汉医学院（后改称同济医科大学，现为华中科技大学同济医学院）在中国公共卫生学鼻祖蔡宏道教授（已逝）倡导下开设了中国的第一个环境医学专业。 1985年，我作为蔡宏道教授的第一名环境医学博士生以主要翻译的身份参加了接待美国环境医学会访华团的所有在汉活动，包括与湖北省领导的会面。

    现将美国环境医学会（AAEM）2009年就公开发布的关于转基因食品的立场声明全文张贴如下。欢迎翻译转载。

     从美国环境医学会的立场声明可以看出，美国权威医学专家对转基因食品的安全是不放心的，并敦促美国的医生关注转基因食品与疾病发生的关系。而它在2009 年就提出的进行转基因食品安全的长期实验的呼吁至今没得到转基因食品生产和自检家的响应也足以说明有些人是有意不做该做的研究。

     这份老声明的存在也给那些声称是中国反转派最近“扒铁路”造成国际“转基因劣车”在中国“脱轨”的蛮转派扇了一记响亮的耳光。因为真相是：“转基因劣车”在美欧甚至于非洲都开不下去，于是才由一群汉奸伪科贪官以科学发展的名义急忙开进了中国（大陆）。

     但汉奸伪科贪官没有想到的是，当年反帝的“八路”不仅还有“红二代”，关注祖国的爱国华侨还有真科抗击国际高端学腐。虽然反转的战争打响得太晚，但其科学的力度和道义的强悍是任何转基因顶级海鬼和领导也无法抗拒的。

     那些想把“转基因劣车”在中国横冲直撞的洋奴暂时可能还会劫持一些不接地气的官媒日人民，但亿万人民的觉醒必将把那些贩卖伪科毒粮的民族败类连同他们的“转基因劣车”一起埋掉！

Genetically Modified Foods

http://aaemonline.org/gmopost.html

转基因食品

（2009年美国环境医学会（AAEM）关于转基因食品立场的声明）

    根据世界卫生组织，转基因生物（GMO）是生物体的遗传物质（DNA）一直在这样一种方式，自然不会发生改变。“这种技术也被称为”基因工程“ ，“生物技术”或“重组DNA技术”，由随机从一个生物体基因的DNA片段插入到另一个中，通常从一个不同的物种。例如，最初发现于苏云金芽孢杆菌，一个 人工的基因的组合，其中包括一个基因产生农药Cry1Ab蛋白（俗称Bt毒素），被插入到随机玉米的DNA。与每个插入不同的位置的转移基因的序列在玉米 DNA的插入的后果。已经采取了插入基因的植物细胞，然后在实验室中，利用组织培养和/或营养培养基，使他们能够发展成为植物被用来种植转基因食品 crops.2增长

    自然繁殖过程已经安全地使用在过去的几千年。相比之下，“转基因作物的技术废除自然繁殖过程，选择发生在单细胞水平上，程序是高度诱变和常规的马裤属的障碍，该技术只被用于商业用途10年。”

    尽管存在这些差异，对转基因食品的安全性评估的基础上的想法，“实质等同”这样说，“如果被发现是一种新的食品大致相当于在现有的食品的成分和营养特点， 它可以被认为是安全的传统食物。“然而，一些动物研究表明，严重的健康风险，转基因食品的消费，包括不育，免疫失调，加速老化，失调的基因与胆固醇的合 成，胰岛素的调节，细胞信号转导，蛋白质的形成，并改变肝，肾，脾，胃肠道系统。

    有比随意转基因食品和健康的不利影响之间的关联。有因果关系等领域的关联强度，一致性，特异性，生物梯度和生物plausibility.5强度的转基因 食品和疾病之间的联系和一致性，确认在的几种动物studies.2，6希尔的标准所定义的， 7,8,9,10,11

    特异性的转基因食品和特定疾病的进程的关联也是支持的。多项动物研究显示显着的免疫调节失调，包括哮喘，过敏和炎症相关的细胞因子的表达上调。 6,11动物研究还表明，改变的肝脏结构和功能，包括改变脂肪和碳水化合物的代谢以及细胞的变化，可能会导致加速老化，并可能导致活性氧（ROS）的积 累。 7,8,10的变化在肾脏，胰腺和脾脏也被记录在案。 6,8,10最近的一项2008年的研究链接转基因玉米与不孕不育，呈现出显着的下降，随着时间的推移后代窝重显着降低老鼠喂食转基因corn.8这项研 究还发现，超过400个基因被发现差异表达老鼠喂食转基因玉米。这些是已知控制蛋白质的合成和改性，细胞信号，胆固醇的合成，和胰岛素调节的基因。研究还 显示，肠道损伤动物喂食转基因食品，包括增生性的细胞growth9和破坏的肠道免疫系统。

    关于生物梯度，一项研究表明，通过Kroghsbo，等。已表明，大鼠喂食转Bt基因水稻的趋势Bt基因特异性IgA的剂量相关的反应。 11

    同时，由于越来越多的数据，它是生物学，转基因食品在人类健康造成不良影响。

    尽管这种风险，生物技术业内人士称，转基因食品能够通过提高作物产量的生产养活世界。然而，最近的一份报告由忧思科学家联盟12个学术研究，并指出：“几 千年的现场试验，在过去20年中的基因，旨在提高业务或内在收益率（作物）表示承诺，但没有这些田间试验结果在产量增加的主要食品/饲料作物的商业化，除 Bt玉米。“12然而，它进一步指出，这一增长主要是由于传统的育种改良。

    因此，由于转基因食品领域的毒性，过敏和免疫功能，生殖健康和代谢，生理和遗传的健康造成严重的健康风险，是没有好处的，AAEM认为，这是必须采取的预 防原则，监管的主要工具之一的欧盟环境和健康政策和服务为几个国际agreements.13的基础，最常用的定义是，从1992年的里约宣言“，指 出：”为了保护环境，预防方法应广泛应用于各国根据自己的能力，在有威胁的严重或不可逆转的损害，缺乏充分的科学确定性为理由，延迟采取符合成本效益的措 施防止环境恶化，不得使用。“

    另一个经常使用的定义是从一个环境会议于1998年在美国说明：“当一个活动提出了对环境或人类健康的威胁，应采取预防措施，即使有些因果关系没有完全建立科学的。这种情况下，一个活动的倡议者，而不是公开的，应承担举证责任活动的安全。“

    的预防原则下，因为转基因食品没有得到很好的测试，供人食用，因为有足够的证据证明可能危害，AAEM要求：

    医生要教育病人，医疗界，和市民大众，避免转基因食品，及提供有关转基因食品和健康风险的教育材料。
    医生考虑治疗的病人，他们从转基因食品时，对非转基因食品，并记录病人的健康状况的任何变化，在疾病过程中的转基因食品可能发挥的作用。
    我们的成员，医学界和独立的科学界，收集有关的潜在基因食品的食用和对健康的影响的案例研究，流行病学研究开始调查转基因食品对人体健康的作用，并进行安全的方法确定GM的影响对人体健康的食品。
    对于暂停对转基因食品的即时长期独立的安全测试，实施和标签的转基因食品，对消费者的健康和安全，这是必要的。

    （这句话是审查和批准执行委员会的美国科学与环境医学2009年5月8日）。
的艾米院长，D.O.提交和珍妮弗·阿姆斯特朗，医学博士

参考书目：AAEM关于转基因食品立场的文件
1。世界卫生组织。 （互联网）（2002年）。来自现代技术：转基因食品的20个问题食品。 ：http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/20questions/en/index.php
2。史密斯，JM。遗传轮盘赌。费尔菲尔德是Books.2007。第10页
3。弗里兹W，，舒伯特D.转基因食品的安全检测和监管。生物技术和基因工程评语。 2004年11月。 21。
4。毒理学会。通过生物技术生产转基因食品的安全性。毒性。科学。 2003年71:2-8。
5。山，AB。环境与疾病的关联或因果关系？出发的皇家医学会1965年; 58:295-300。
6。 Britti罗塞利中号，Finamore A，S，等。 MON 810玉米在断奶的摄取和老年小鼠的肠和外周免疫反应。 ?AGRIC。食品科学。 2008年，56（23）:11533-11539。
7。 ，ANNOVI Boraldi F马拉泰斯塔M，G，等。一个长期研究的转基因大豆喂养雌性小鼠的：对肝脏衰老的影响。 Histochem细胞生物学。 2008，130:967-977。
8。 Binter Velimirov A，C，Zentek J.转基因玉米NK603xMON810美联储长期在小鼠的生殖研究的生物学效应。报告联邦的健康，家庭和青年部。 2008年。
9。尤恩S，Pustzai A.的食物含有转基因马铃薯表达雪花莲凝集素对大鼠小intestine.Lancet的影响。 354:1353-1354。
10。 Kilic A，ADAY M. A 3代转基因Bt玉米的影响：生化和组织病理学的调查研究。食品科学。毒性。 2008年，46（3）:1164-1170。
11。 Kroghsbo S，马德森C，波尔森中号，等。 Immunotoxicological的转基因水稻表达PHA-E凝集素或Bt毒蛋白在Wistar大鼠的研究。毒理学研究。 2008年245:24-34。
12。 Gurain谢尔曼，D. 2009年。不产生绩效评估的转基因作物。剑桥（MA）：忧思科学家联盟。
13。 Lofstedt R.预防原则：风险，监管和政治。牛津大学默顿学院。 2002年。
 
    环境医学是什么？

    简单地说，环境医学关注的是人类与环境之间的相互作用。更具体地说，环境医学所经历的个人接触到的环境刺激性涉及到的不良反应。存在个体易感性的刺激药， 被发现在空气，食物，水和药品，并经常在家庭，工作，学校，发挥的环境。对这些药物的暴露可能会影响一个或多个器官系统，这种影响通常是不承认的个人和他 们的医生。
    环境医学的医学思想提供了一个彻底的重新解释，尤其是在许多以前无法解释的，并不能有效治疗慢性疾病的方法。这种观点的基础是一个简单的概念，是所有疾病 的原因，而很明显，但没有得到很好的接受的事实，那我们吃什么，或暴露在我们的环境中，对我们的健康有着直接??的影响。
    环境医学的基本理论，包括“总负荷”的概念，个人的抵抗力，和适应。 “总负荷”的概念，假设，多和慢性环境暴露在易感个体的崩溃，人的自我平衡机制。很少有只有一个违规代理负责导致患病的条件。多种因素并存，通常在相当长 的一段时间内带来疾病的进程。环境用药个体差异发生的原因有多种，包括06期遗传倾向，性别，营养状况，违规的物质，感染过程的风险水平，情感和生理上的 压力。适应被定义作为一个生物体的能力，调整逐渐改变持续的情况下它的存在的。适应不良，将是一个细分的适应机制。

    AAEM和它的使命

    美国科学院环境医学会（AAEM）[http://aaemonline.org/]成立于1965年，由一组多个专科的医生谁联合起来，形成了医疗社会已经演变为美国科学与环境医学。的的AAEM是国际组织代表专门从事环境医学的医生谁。
    美国科学与环境医学的使命是通过预防，促进最佳的健康和安全，有效的治疗疾病的原因，医生和其他专业人士的公共服务，通过教育，人与环境之间的相互作用。

Genetically Modified Foods

http://aaemonline.org/gmopost.html

According to the World Health Organization, Genetically Modified Organisms(GMOs) are "organisms in which the genetic material (DNA) has been altered in such a way that does not occur naturally."1 This technology is also referred to as "genetic engineering", "biotechnology" or "recombinant DNA technology" and consists of randomly inserting genetic fragments of DNA from one organism to another, usually from a different species. For example, an artificial combination of genes that includes a gene to produce the pesticide Cry1Ab protein (commonly known as Bt toxin), originally found in Bacillus thuringiensis, is inserted in to the DNA of corn randomly. Both the location of the transferred gene sequence in the corn DNA and the consequences of the insertion differ with each insertion. The plant cells that have taken up the inserted gene are then grown in a lab using tissue culture and/or nutrient medium that allows them to develop into plants that are used to grow GM food crops.2

Natural breeding processes have been safely utilized for the past several thousand years. In contrast, "GE crop technology abrogates natural reproductive processes, selection occurs at the single cell level, the procedure is highly mutagenic and routinely breeches genera barriers, and the technique has only been used commercially for 10 years."3

Despite these differences, safety assessment of GM foods has been based on the idea of "substantial equivalence" such that "if a new food is found to be substantially equivalent in composition and nutritional characteristics to an existing food, it can be regarded as safe as the conventional food."4 However, several animal studies indicate serious health risks associated with GM food consumption including infertility, immune dysregulation, accelerated aging, dysregulation of genes associated with cholesterol synthesis, insulin regulation, cell signaling, and protein formation, and changes in the liver, kidney, spleen and gastrointestinal system.

There is more than a casual association between GM foods and adverse health effects. There is causation as defined by Hill's Criteria in the areas of strength of association, consistency, specificity, biological gradient, and biological plausibility.5 The strength of association and consistency between GM foods and disease is confirmed in several animal studies.2,6,7,8,9,10,11

Specificity of the association of GM foods and specific disease processes is also supported. Multiple animal studies show significant immune dysregulation, including upregulation of cytokines associated with asthma, allergy, and inflammation. 6,11 Animal studies also show altered structure and function of the liver, including altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as cellular changes that could lead to accelerated aging and possibly lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 7,8,10 Changes in the kidney, pancreas and spleen have also been documented. 6,8,10 A recent 2008 study links GM corn with infertility, showing a significant decrease in offspring over time and significantly lower litter weight in mice fed GM corn.8 This study also found that over 400 genes were found to be expressed differently in the mice fed GM corn. These are genes known to control protein synthesis and modification, cell signaling, cholesterol synthesis, and insulin regulation. Studies also show intestinal damage in animals fed GM foods, including proliferative cell growth9 and disruption of the intestinal immune system.6

Regarding biological gradient, one study, done by Kroghsbo, et al., has shown that rats fed transgenic Bt rice trended to a dose related response for Bt specific IgA. 11

Also, because of the mounting data, it is biologically plausible for Genetically Modified Foods to cause adverse health effects in humans.

In spite of this risk, the biotechnology industry claims that GM foods can feed the world through production of higher crop yields. However, a recent report by the Union of Concerned Scientists reviewed 12 academic studies and indicates otherwise: "The several thousand field trials over the last 20 years for genes aimed at increasing operational or intrinsic yield (of crops) indicate a significant undertaking. Yet none of these field trials have resulted in increased yield in commercialized major food/feed crops, with the exception of Bt corn."12 However, it was further stated that this increase is largely due to traditional breeding improvements.

Therefore, because GM foods pose a serious health risk in the areas of toxicology, allergy and immune function, reproductive health, and metabolic, physiologic and genetic health and are without benefit, the AAEM believes that it is imperative to adopt the precautionary principle, which is one of the main regulatory tools of the European Union environmental and health policy and serves as a foundation for several international agreements.13 The most commonly used definition is from the 1992 Rio Declaration that states: "In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation."13

Another often used definition originated from an environmental meeting in the United States in 1998 stating: "When an activity raises threats to the environment or human health, precautionary measures should be taken, even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically. In this context, the proponent of an activity, rather than the public, should bear the burden of proof (of the safety of the activity)."13

With the precautionary principle in mind, because GM foods have not been properly tested for human consumption, and because there is ample evidence of probable harm, the AAEM asks:

• Physicians to educate their patients, the medical community, and the public to avoid GM foods when possible and provide educational materials concerning GM foods and health risks.
• Physicians to consider the possible role of GM foods in the disease processes of the patients they treat and to document any changes in patient health when changing from GM food to non-GM food.
• Our members, the medical community, and the independent scientific community to gather case studies potentially related to GM food consumption and health effects, begin epidemiological research to investigate the role of GM foods on human health, and conduct safe methods of determining the effect of GM foods on human health.
• For a moratorium on GM food, implementation of immediate long term independent safety testing, and labeling of GM foods, which is necessary for the health and safety of consumers.

(This statement was reviewed and approved by the Executive Committee of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine on May 8, 2009.)

Submitted by Amy Dean, D.O. and Jennifer Armstrong, M.D.

Bibliography: Genetically Modified Foods Position Paper AAEM

1.      World Health Organization. (Internet).(2002). Foods derived from modern technology: 20 questions on genetically modified foods. Available from: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/20questions/en/index.php

2.      Smith, JM. Genetic Roulette. Fairfield: Yes Books.2007. p.10

3.      Freese W, Schubert D. Safety testing and regulation of genetically engineered foods. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews. Nov 2004. 21.

4.      Society of Toxicology. The safety of genetically modified foods produced through biotechnology. Toxicol. Sci. 2003; 71:2-8.

5.      Hill, AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceeding of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965; 58:295-300.

6.      Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti S, et al. Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON 810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. J Agric. Food Chem. 2008; 56(23):11533-11539.

7.      Malatesta M, Boraldi F, Annovi G, et al. A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean:effects on liver ageing. Histochem Cell Biol. 2008; 130:967-977.

8.      Velimirov A, Binter C, Zentek J. Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice. Report-Federal Ministry of Health, Family and Youth. 2008.

9.      Ewen S, Pustzai A. Effects of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine.Lancet. 354:1353-1354.

10.  Kilic A, Aday M. A three generational study with genetically modified Bt corn in rats: biochemical and histopathological investigation. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008; 46(3):1164-1170.

11.  Kroghsbo S, Madsen C, Poulsen M, et al. Immunotoxicological studies of genetically modified rice expression PHA-E lectin or Bt toxin in Wistar rats. Toxicology. 2008; 245:24-34.

12.  Gurain-Sherman,D. 2009. Failure to yield: evaluating the performance of genetically engineered crops. Cambridge (MA): Union of Concerned Scientists.

13.  Lofstedt R. The precautionary principle: risk, regulation and politics. Merton College, Oxford. 2002.

Simply stated, Environmental Medicine is concerned with the interaction between mankind and the environment. More specifically, Environmental Medicine involves the adverse reactions experienced by an individual on exposure to an environmental excitant. Excitants to which individual susceptibility exists are found in air, food, water, and drugs, and are frequently found in the home, work, school, and play environments. Exposures to these agents may adversely affect one or more organ system and this effect is commonly not recognized by individuals and their physicians.

Environmental Medicine offers a sweeping reinterpretation of medical thinking, especially in its approach to many previously unexplained and ineffectively treated chronic diseases. The basis of this view is the simple concept that there are causes for all illnesses, and the obvious but not well accepted fact, that what we eat or are exposed to in our environment, has a direct effect upon our health.

The basic theories of Environmental Medicine include the "total load" concept, individual susceptibility, and adaptation. The "total load" concept postulates that multiple and chronic environmental exposures in a susceptible individual contribute to a breakdown of that person's homeostatic mechanisms. Rarely is there only one offending agent responsible for causing a diseased condition. Multiple factors co-exist, usually over a prolonged period of time in bringing about the disease process. Individual susceptibility to environmental agents occurs for a variety of reasons including gentic predisposition, gender, nutritional status, level of exposures to offending substances, infectious processes, and emotional and physical stress. Adaptation is defined as the ability of an organism to adjust to gradually changing sustained circumstances of its existence. Maladaptation would be a breakdown of the adaptive mechanism.

AAEM And Its Mission

The American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM) [http://aaemonline.org/] was founded in 1965 by a group of clinicians from various specialties who banded together and formed a medical society that has evolved into the American Academy of Environmental Medicine. The AAEM is an international organization representing physicians who specialize in Environmental Medicine.

The mission of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine is to promote optimal health through prevention, and safe and effective treatment of the causes of illness by supporting physicians and other professionals in serving the public through education about the interaction between humans and their environment.